Immuno-oncology drugs (IODs) have revolutionized the treatment of some cancers. Although IODs are enabling some patients with cancer to become long-time survivors, only 30% to 40% respond to these drugs. There is experimental and clinical evidence that the gut microbiome may play a role in IOD response, leading to speculation that manipulation of the gut microenvironment might improve the response rate to IODs. We review the evidence relating to how gut microorganisms may affect response to IODs and discuss the implications of targeting the microbiome to improve IOD response, including the challenges to refine and translate the findings to practical clinical use.

免疫肿瘤学药物（IOD）彻底改变了某些癌症的治疗方法。尽管IOD使某些癌症患者成为长期幸存者，但只有30％到40％对这些药物有反应。有实验和临床证据表明，肠道微生物组可能在IOD应答中起作用，导致人们推测操纵肠道微环境可以提高对IOD的应答率。我们审查了有关肠道微生物如何影响对IOD的反应的证据，并讨论了针对微生物组改善IOD反应的含义，包括将研究结果精炼和转化为实际临床应用所面临的挑战。