The use of decellularised matrices as scaffolds offers the advantage of great similarity with the tissue to be replaced. Moreover, decellularised tissues and organs can be repopulated with the patient’s own cells to produce bespoke therapies. Great progress has been made in research and development of decellularised scaffolds, and more recently, these materials are being used in exciting new areas like hydrogels and bioinks. However, much effort is still needed towards preserving the original extracellular matrix composition, especially its minor components, assessing its functionality and scaling up for large tissues and organs. Emphasis should also be placed on developing new decellularisation methods and establishing minimal criteria for assessing the success of the decellularisation process. The aim of this review is to critically review the existing literature on decellularised scaffolds, especially on the preparation of these matrices, and point out areas for improvement, finishing with alternative uses of decellularised scaffolds other than tissue and organ reconstruction. Such uses include three-dimensional ex vivo platforms for idiopathic diseases and cancer modelling.

使用脱细胞基质作为支架具有与待替换组织高度相似的优点。此外，脱细胞组织和器官可以用患者自己的细胞重新填充，以产生定制疗法。脱细胞支架的研究和开发取得了巨大进展，最近，这些材料被用于水凝胶和生物墨水等令人兴奋的新领域。然而，仍然需要付出很多努力来保存原始的细胞外基质成分，特别是其次要成分，评估其功能并扩大大型组织和器官的规模。还应强调开发新的去细胞化方法并建立评估去细胞化过程成功与否的最低标准。本综述的目的是批判性地回顾关于脱细胞支架的现有文献，特别是关于这些基质的制备，并指出需要改进的领域，最后以除组织和器官重建之外的脱细胞支架的替代用途作为结束。这些用途包括用于特发性疾病和癌症建模的三维离体平台。