The increasing demand for titanium and its alloys used for implants results in the need for innovative surface treatments that may both increase corrosion resistance and biocompatibility and demonstrate antibacterial protection at no cytotoxicity. The purpose of this research was to characterize the effect of two-stage anodization—performed for 30 min in phosphoric acid—in the presence of hydrofluoric acid in the second stage. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, nanoindentation and nano-scratch tests, potentiodynamic corrosion studies, and water contact angle measurements were performed to characterize microstructure, mechanical, chemical and physical properties. The biologic examinations were carried out to determine the cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects of oxide coatings. The research results demonstrate that two-stage oxidation affects several features and, in particular, improves mechanical and chemical behavior. The processes influencing the formation and properties of the oxide coating are discussed.

中文翻译：

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两阶段阳极氧化对Ti-13Nb-13Zr合金氧化物涂层性能的影响

对用于植入物的钛及其合金的需求不断增长，因此需要创新的表面处理技术，这种表面处理技术既可以提高耐蚀性和生物相容性，又可以在无细胞毒性的情况下显示出抗菌保护作用。这项研究的目的是表征第二阶段在氢氟酸存在下在磷酸中进行30分钟的两步阳极氧化的效果。进行扫描电子显微镜，原子力显微镜，能量色散X射线光谱，X射线衍射，拉曼光谱，辉光放电光发射光谱，纳米压痕和纳米划痕测试，电位动力学腐蚀研究以及水接触角测量以表征微观结构，机械，化学和物理性质。进行了生物学检查，以确定氧化物涂层的细胞毒性和抗菌作用。研究结果表明，两阶段氧化会影响多个特征，尤其是改善机械和化学行为。讨论了影响氧化物涂层形成和性能的过程。