The sonographic appearance of soft tissue can be altered by trauma and positional change with torsional stress. This creates challenges for ultrasonographic interpretation, because most descriptive literature and standard instructional references are displayed in anatomically neutral or other conventional positions. Knowledge of anatomic alteration and changes in sonographic appearance with torsional stress is essential for accurately assessing soft tissue abnormalities in conditions of spasticity, traumatic and post‐surgical changes, and other conditions that distort musculoskeletal relationships. A systematic scanning approach to these alterations is needed for accurate diagnostic interpretation, optimizing electrode placement for electrodiagnostic techniques, effective needle placement for therapeutic ultrasound‐guided procedures, and even planning for restorative surgery. This review describes expected positional changes of normal structures with torsional alteration, as well as sonographic recognition of scars, burns, hematomas, fat layer fracture, Morel‐Lavallee lesions, abscesses, foreign bodies, myotendinous lesions, muscle injury and denervation, and traumatic peripheral nerve injury.

中文翻译：

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肌肉骨骼超声检查，用于创伤和扭转改变。

软组织的超声检查外观可因创伤和扭转应力而改变位置。由于大多数描述性文献和标准指导性参考文献都以解剖学中性或其他常规位置显示，因此这给超声检查解释带来了挑战。了解具有扭转应力的超声变化的解剖学改变和变化，对于在痉挛，外伤和术后变化以及其他扭曲骨骼肌肉关系的情况下准确评估软组织异常至关重要。需要针对这些变化的系统扫描方法，以进行准确的诊断解释，针对电诊断技术优化电极放置，针对治疗性超声引导手术的有效针头放置，甚至计划进行修复手术。这篇综述描述了正常结构的预期位置变化以及扭转改变，以及超声识别的疤痕，烧伤，血肿，脂肪层破裂，Morel-Lavallee病变，脓肿，异物，肌源性病变，肌肉损伤和神经支配以及创伤性周围神经神经损伤。