The Reynolds decomposition is used to derive a new set of mean-flow equations for linear viscous fluids, with low compressibility (fluids in the liquid state). Additional shear and normal stresses are related to the velocity turbulent fluctuations in order to interpret the considerable energy dissipation in processes which are accompanied by rapid changes in liquid density, at least within the frame of the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) approximation. A constitutive equation for the normal turbulent stresses, which involves the turbulent bulk viscosity, is given. A closure equation for the turbulent bulk viscosity is suggested. In the field of hydraulic engineering, the model is applied to investigate the classical problem of 1D finite amplitude pressure waves propagation in liquid-filled pipes (water hammer phenomenon). Available experimental pressure data are used to calibrate the model parameters and to demonstrate the capability of the proposed theoretical model in reproducing the experimental trials. The model results are discussed with attention paid to the role played by the turbulent bulk viscosity on the energy dissipation processes.

雷诺分解用于导出线性黏性流体的新的平均流方程组，线性方程组的可压缩性较低（液态流体）。额外的剪切应力和法向应力与速度湍流波动有关，以解释过程中的大量能量消耗，这些过程至少在局部热力学平衡（LTE）近似范围内伴随着液体密度的快速变化。给出了涉及湍流整体粘度的法向湍流应力的本构方程。建议使用湍流体积粘度的封闭方程。在水利工程领域，该模型用于研究一维有限振幅压力波在充液管道中传播的经典问题（水锤现象）。可用的实验压力数据用于校准模型参数，并证明所提出的理论模型在再现实验中的能力。讨论模型结果时要特别注意湍流体积粘度在能量耗散过程中所起的作用。