Leptin, ghrelin, and insulin influence lipid metabolism and thus can directly affect adipose tissue characteristics, modulating the organoleptic quality of aquaculture fish. The present study explored gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) cultured preadipocytes development, and the regulation of adipogenesis by those three hormones. Preadipocytes presented a fibroblast-like phenotype during the proliferation phase that changed to round-shaped with an enlarged cytoplasm filled with lipid droplets after complete differentiation, confirming the characteristics of mature adipocytes. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (pparγ) expression was higher at the beginning of the culture, while fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase gradually increased with cell maturation. The expression of lipoprotein lipase-like, lysosomal acid lipase (lipa), fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation-36 (cd36), and leptin receptor (lepr) were not affected during cell culture development; and undetectable expression levels were observed for leptin. Concerning regulation, leptin inhibited lipid accumulation significantly reducing pparγ and cd36 gene expression, both in early differentiating and mature adipocytes, while ghrelin decreased the expression of pparγ in the early differentiating phase but did not reduce intracellular lipid content significantly. Additional insulin past the onset of adipogenesis did not affect lipid accumulation either. In conclusion, at present culture conditions leptin has an anti-adipogenic function in differentiating preadipocytes of gilthead seabream and continues exerting this role in mature adipocytes, while ghrelin and insulin do not seem to influence adipogenesis progression. A better understanding of leptin, ghrelin, and insulin impact on the adipogenic process could help in the prevention of fat accumulation, improving aquaculture fish production and quality.

瘦素，生长素释放肽和胰岛素会影响脂质代谢，因此可以直接影响脂肪组织特性，从而调节水产养殖鱼类的感官质量。本研究探索了金头鲷（Sparus aurata）培养的前脂肪细胞的发育，以及这三种激素对脂肪形成的调节作用。前脂肪细胞在增殖阶段呈现成纤维细胞样表型，完全分化后变为圆形，胞浆充满脂滴，证实了成熟脂肪细胞的特征。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ（pparγ）的表达在培养开始时较高，而脂肪酸合酶和3-羟基酰基辅酶A脱氢酶随着细胞成熟而逐渐增加。细胞培养发育过程中脂蛋白脂酶样，溶酶体酸性脂酶（lipa），脂肪酸转位酶/分化簇36（cd36）和瘦素受体（lepr）的表达均不受影响。和检测不到的表达水平的瘦素。关于调节，瘦素抑制脂肪蓄积显著减少PPARγ和CD36基因的表达，无论是在早期分化和成熟脂肪细胞，同时，降低生长素释放肽的表达PPARγ在分化的早期阶段，但并未显着降低细胞内脂质含量。脂肪形成开始后的其他胰岛素也不会影响脂质蓄积。总之，在目前的培养条件下，瘦素在区分金头鲷的前脂肪细胞中具有抗脂肪形成的功能，并在成熟的脂肪细胞中继续发挥这种作用，而生长素释放肽和胰岛素似乎并不影响脂肪形成的进程。更好地了解瘦素，生长素释放肽和胰岛素对成脂过程的影响可能有助于预防脂肪堆积，提高水产养殖鱼类的产量和质量。