Nowadays, different industries such as nuclear, automotive, process, chemical, and oil and gas industry must meet specific requirements in order to keep and reduce safety risks to as low as reasonably practicable level. As a result, the number of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems (E/E/PES) to control, prevent, and mitigate hazardous events has increased. Moreover, new guidelines and procedures have been developed to guarantee the availability and function of safety systems over their service life. Based on Markov processes, this article discusses a reliability model to assess the integrity and verify the design of E/E/PES safety-related systems. The average probability of failure on demand and safety integrity level are used to determine the reliability performance of an E/E/PES in a low-demand mode of operation in accordance with the functional safety principles of the IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 standards.

中文翻译：

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电气/电子/可编程电子安全相关系统的可靠性模型和灵敏度分析

如今，核能、汽车、加工、化工、石油和天然气行业等不同行业必须满足特定要求，以将安全风险保持在合理可行的水平并将其降低到最低水平。因此，用于控制、预防和减轻危险事件的电气/电子/可编程电子安全相关系统 (E/E/PES) 的数量有所增加。此外，还制定了新的指导方针和程序，以保证安全系统在其使用寿命内的可用性和功能。本文基于马尔可夫过程，讨论了用于评估完整性和验证 E/E/PES 安全相关系统设计的可靠性模型。