This paper analyzes occupational polarization within and across firms using comprehensive matched employer-employee panel data from Finland. The occupational distribution in Finland has been polarizing over the last few decades, with mid-level production and clerical jobs eroding while low-skill service occupations and high-skill specialist occupations gain share. We find that the phenomenon is taking place within existing firms, as well as due to firm entry and exit. Service jobs are increasing through the entry-exit dynamics, but also via establishment level restructuring among continuing firms. Routine jobs, including mid-level plant operating jobs, are being destroyed both among continuing firms and at the entry-exit margin. The share of high-level occupations increases largely within continuing firms. Within the continuing firms the job polarization appears to be related to the trade of goods and services, as well as the outsourcing of tasks. Firms with high R&D expenditures and ICT use are more prone to lay off process and production workers.

中文翻译：

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工作两极分化的公司趋势内部和之间：全球化和技术的作用

本文使用来自芬兰的全面匹配的雇主-雇员面板数据分析了公司内部和公司之间的职业两极分化。在过去的几十年里，芬兰的职业分布一直在两极分化，中级生产和文职工作受到侵蚀，而低技能服务职业和高技能专家职业获得了份额。我们发现这种现象发生在现有企业内部，以及由于企业进入和退出。服务工作正在通过进出动态增加，但也通过持续公司之间的机构级别重组而增加。日常工作，包括中级工厂运营工作，在持续经营的公司和进出边际都被摧毁。在连续性公司中，高级职位的比例在很大程度上增加。在持续经营的公司中，工作两极分化似乎与商品和服务贸易以及任务外包有关。研发支出和信息通信技术使用率高的公司更容易解雇流程和生产工人。