Abstract Culture is a fuzzy concept without fixed boundaries, meaning different things according to situations. To address this issue, I introduce a p-model to understand culture as a system of people, places, and practices, for a purpose such as enacting, justifying, or resisting power. People refers to population dynamics, social relations, and culture in groups. Places refers to ecological dynamics, institutional influences, and culture in contexts. Practices refers to participatory dynamics, community engagement, and culture in action. Power refers to forcing others into compliance (power-over people), controlling access to spaces (power in places), and behaving as desired (power-to practice). I use racism to illustrate the p-model and suggest applications in theory, research, and practice in developmental sciences.

中文翻译：

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什么是文化？人、地方和实践的系统

摘要 文化是一个模糊的概念，没有固定的界限，因情况而异。为了解决这个问题，我引入了一个 p 模型来将文化理解为一个由人、地方和实践组成的系统，其目的是制定、证明或抵制权力。人是指群体中的人口动态、社会关系和文化。场所是指环境中的生态动态、制度影响和文化。实践是指参与性动态、社区参与和行动中的文化。权力是指强迫他人服从（对人的权力），控制对空间的访问（在地方的权力），并按自己的意愿行事（权力实践）。我使用种族主义来说明 p 模型并建议在发展科学的理论、研究和实践中的应用。