It is essential for fish to respond appropriately when faced with a threatening situation. Accordingly, fish are able to reduce predation risk through learning. In addition to privately learned experiences, fish can acquire social information about a threat by observing the response of conspecifics and use such public information to adapt future behavior through learning. It is unclear if social learning can also influence the behavioral response of fish when faced with human‐induced threats in the form of angling. Using an experimental approach in the laboratory, we examined the influence of private (i.e., direct experience of hooking) and social information on angling vulnerability in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio—a species regularly exposed to catch‐and‐release angling. Compared with control groups, individuals with direct or social experience of catch‐and‐release angling expressed significantly elevated hook avoidance behavior during a short‐term vulnerability assessment hours after a catch‐and‐release experience. In the medium‐term vulnerability assessment, conducted within days after the threat event, fish with direct hooking experience continued to exhibit decreased angling vulnerability, whereas the social experience of catch and release did not consistently reduce angling vulnerability compared with controls. Yet, in a subsequent trial within days after the threat exposure, we found that fish with direct hooking experience and fish with only social hooking experience were both more cautious towards bait (corn) in the presence of a sham rig (i.e., a hookless rig with bait) than when only exposed to bait without a rig. Collectively, these results indicated that the combined influence of direct and social experience of catch‐and‐release angling induced a hook avoidance behavior in Common Carp. The extent to which the phenomenon of social hook avoidance learning exists in other recreationally targeted fish species and in the wild deserves further attention because of the potential to affect catch rates and population‐level catchability.

中文翻译：

---

鲤鱼私人和社会学习引发的避免钩子

在面临威胁的情况下，对鱼类做出适当反应至关重要。因此，鱼类能够通过学习降低捕食风险。除了私人学习的经验外，鱼类还可以通过观察物种的反应获得有关威胁的社会信息，并利用这些公共信息通过学习来适应未来的行为。尚不清楚当面对人为威胁的钓鱼形式时，社会学习是否还会影响鱼类的行为反应。在实验室中使用的实验方法，我们研究的影响，私人（即钩子的直接经验），并在鲤鱼钓鱼漏洞社会信息鲤—经常暴露于捕捞和释放角度的物种。与对照组相比，具有直接或社交捕捞和垂钓经验的个体在获得捕捞和释放经验后的短期脆弱性评估时间内表现出明显提高的避钩行为。在威胁事件发生后的几天内进行的中期脆弱性评估中​​，具有直接上钩经验的鱼继续表现出降低的钓鱼脆弱性，而与控制相比，捕获和释放的社会经验并未持续减少钓鱼的脆弱性。但是，在受到威胁暴露后的几天内进行的后续试验中，我们发现在具有假装装置的情况下，具有直接上钩经验的鱼和仅具有社会上钩经验的鱼对诱饵（玉米）都更加谨慎（例如，带有诱饵的无钩装备），而不是仅暴露于没有装备的诱饵。总的来说，这些结果表明，直接和社会经验的捕捉和释放钓鱼的综合影响导致了鲤鱼的避钩行为。在其他以休闲娱乐为目标的鱼类中和在野外存在避免社会钩类现象的程度值得进一步关注，因为这可能影响捕获率和种群水平的可捕获性。