• The fish community of temporary wetlands is highly dynamic due to the marked seasonal changes in hydrological and limnological conditions. In this study, we evaluated spatiotemporal variation in the fish community and the influence of environmental factors on this variation in temporary wetlands in southern Brazil.
• Two different life cycles—annual and non‐annual fishes—were recorded among species. Variation in the fish community appeared to be associated with differences in the life history strategy of species. While species of annual fish were present throughout the hydroperiod, gradually decreasing in density over time, non‐annual fish species had an opposite pattern, with higher densities in the final phase of the hydrological cycle.
• Variations in the composition and abundance of fish community in temporary wetlands were related to habitat and landscape attributes (area, number of microhabitats and isolation between temporary wetlands) and climate indicators of water availability (air temperature, average rainfall, and water level of the São Gonçalo channel), but not to water conditions (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and water temperature).
• We concluded that the ichthyofauna of temporary wetlands are composed both of rare species, highly specialised for life within these ephemeral environments, and widespread generalist species that reach the wetlands opportunistically for short periods. Habitat and landscape attributes and changes in climate and hydrological variables over the hydroperiod are the factors that had the greatest influence on spatiotemporal variation of the fish community.
• Maintaining physical characteristics and the hydrological cycle of temporary wetlands is critical for the conservation of fish species inhabiting these vulnerable environments in southern Brazil. Habitat and landscape attributes and climate and hydrology fluctuations affect the annual and non‐annual fishes inhabiting temporary wetlands differently.

中文翻译：

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年度和非年度鱼类种群对巴西南部临时湿地环境和时空变化的反应不同

• 由于水文和气候条件的明显季节性变化，临时湿地的鱼类群落高度活跃。在这项研究中，我们评估了鱼类群落的时空变化以及环境因素对巴西南部临时湿地这种变化的影响。
• 物种之间记录了两种不同的生命周期-年度和非年度鱼类。鱼群的变化似乎与物种生命史策略的差异有关。尽管一年生鱼类种类遍布整个水文时期，但随着时间的流逝密度逐渐降低，非一年生鱼类种类却相反，在水文循环的最后阶段密度更高。
• 临时湿地鱼类群落组成和丰度的变化与栖息地和景观属性（面积，微生境数量以及临时湿地之间的隔离）和可用水的气候指标（气温，平均降雨量和圣水的水位）有关。 Gonçalo通道），但不适用于水条件（溶解氧，pH，电导率和水温）。
• 我们得出的结论是，临时湿地的ichthyofauna既由稀有物种组成，它们在这些短暂的环境中高度专业化，又有广泛的通才物种，它们在短期内机会性地到达湿地。生境和景观属性以及水文期间气候和水文变量的变化是对鱼类群落时空变化影响最大的因素。
• 保持临时湿地的物理特征和水文循环对于保护居住在巴西南部这些脆弱环境中的鱼类物种至关重要。栖息地和景观属性以及气候和水文波动对居住在临时湿地的年度和非年度鱼类的影响不同。