Abstract Urban green spaces (UGS) often support diverse bird assemblages. Current evidence suggests large UGS that are circular in shape and contain abundant tree canopy cover will support more bird species independent of UGS isolation. Here, we use bird occurrence information from the eBird citizen-science database over an 18-year period (2002–2019) to estimate annual and seasonal patterns of avian species richness in well-surveyed New York City green spaces. Area was the strongest correlate of annual (n = 102 UGS) and seasonal species richness (n = 43 UGS), whereas shape and isolation lacked significant relationships. Increasing area by 50% resulted in an 11.5% increase in annual and an 8.2% increase in seasonal species richness. There was no evidence that these relationships contained an upper limit. Tree canopy cover was weakly correlated with annual species richness. The richness of nocturnally migrating species was strongly correlated with area in the spring and autumn, especially for non-passerine species. The species richness of nocturnally migrating passerines was strongly correlated with tree canopy cover in the spring, where a 50% increase in canopy cover resulted in a 23.3% increase in species richness. Our findings emphasize the broad importance of area, the value of tree canopy cover for spring migrants, and the limited relevance of shape and isolation. Efforts to enhance area and tree canopy cover will increase the number of resident and migratory bird species, which will likely increase the number of other area-sensitive forest taxa that occur in urban environments.

中文翻译：

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面积是城市绿地中鸟类物种丰富度的年度和季节性模式的主要相关因素

摘要 城市绿地 (UGS) 通常支持多种鸟类组合。目前的证据表明，圆形且包含丰富树冠覆盖的大型 UGS 将支持更多的鸟类，而不受 UGS 隔离的影响。在这里，我们使用 eBird 公民科学数据库中 18 年（2002-2019 年）的鸟类发生信息来估计经过充分调查的纽约市绿地中鸟类物种丰富度的年度和季节性模式。面积是年度（n = 102 UGS）和季节性物种丰富度（n = 43 UGS）的最强相关性，而形状和隔离缺乏显着关系。面积增加 50% 导致年度物种丰富度增加 11.5%，季节性物种丰富度增加 8.2%。没有证据表明这些关系存在上限。树冠盖度与年物种丰富度呈弱相关。夜间迁徙物种的丰富度与春季和秋季的面积密切相关，尤其是非雀类物种。夜间迁徙雀类的物种丰富度与春季树冠盖度密切相关，冠层盖度增加 50% 导致物种丰富度增加 23.3%。我们的研究结果强调了面积的广泛重要性、树冠覆盖对春季迁徙者的价值以及形状和隔离的有限相关性。增加面积和树冠覆盖的努力将增加常驻和候鸟物种的数量，这可能会增加城市环境中其他对区域敏感的森林类群的数量。夜间迁徙物种的丰富度与春季和秋季的面积密切相关，尤其是非雀类物种。夜间迁徙雀类的物种丰富度与春季树冠盖度密切相关，冠层盖度增加 50% 导致物种丰富度增加 23.3%。我们的研究结果强调了面积的广泛重要性、树冠覆盖对春季迁徙者的价值以及形状和隔离的有限相关性。增加面积和树冠覆盖的努力将增加常驻和候鸟物种的数量，这可能会增加城市环境中其他对区域敏感的森林类群的数量。夜间迁徙物种的丰富度与春季和秋季的面积密切相关，尤其是非雀类物种。夜间迁徙雀类的物种丰富度与春季树冠盖度密切相关，冠层盖度增加 50% 导致物种丰富度增加 23.3%。我们的研究结果强调了面积的广泛重要性、树冠覆盖对春季迁徙者的价值以及形状和隔离的有限相关性。增加面积和树冠覆盖的努力将增加常驻和候鸟物种的数量，这可能会增加城市环境中其他对区域敏感的森林类群的数量。夜间迁徙雀类的物种丰富度与春季树冠盖度密切相关，冠层盖度增加 50% 导致物种丰富度增加 23.3%。我们的研究结果强调了面积的广泛重要性、树冠覆盖对春季迁徙者的价值以及形状和隔离的有限相关性。增加面积和树冠覆盖的努力将增加常驻和候鸟物种的数量，这可能会增加城市环境中其他对区域敏感的森林类群的数量。夜间迁徙雀类的物种丰富度与春季树冠盖度密切相关，冠层盖度增加 50% 导致物种丰富度增加 23.3%。我们的研究结果强调了面积的广泛重要性、树冠覆盖对春季迁徙者的价值以及形状和隔离的有限相关性。增加面积和树冠覆盖的努力将增加常驻和候鸟物种的数量，这可能会增加城市环境中其他对区域敏感的森林类群的数量。以及形状和隔离的有限相关性。增加面积和树冠覆盖的努力将增加常驻和候鸟物种的数量，这可能会增加城市环境中其他对区域敏感的森林类群的数量。以及形状和隔离的有限相关性。增加面积和树冠覆盖的努力将增加常驻和候鸟物种的数量，这可能会增加城市环境中其他对区域敏感的森林类群的数量。