Abstract The paper deals with the dynamics of the young Sun, physical conditions in the early Solar System and on the Earth. An extended interpretation of the faint young Sun paradox and its possible solutions are proposed. Various hypotheses are discussed including their advantages and disadvantages. The faint young Sun paradox follows from the Standard Solar Model with the conservation of mass condition. However, the mass of the Sun did not remain constant during its evolution. It was steadily decreasing, mainly in the first 2–2.5 billion years. But even with the most optimistic estimates, the uneven loss of mass during the evolution of our star is unable to fully compensate for the lack of luminosity reaching the surface of the early Earth. The primary biosphere had to search for alternative — e.g., radiation, chemical or geothermal — sources of energy. The prevalent configurations of solar magnetic fields also changed in the course of evolution, the strong quadrupole fields dominating at the early stages. At the age of about 2–2.5 billion years and the rotation period of about 15 days, the dipole magnetic field with large mass outflow from coronal holes begins to dominate, and the steady solar wind becomes the main mechanism of mass loss in the Sun in the following two billion years. The activity of the early Sun was much higher than it is today. The high-frequency (gamma-, X-ray, and UV) radiation, radio emission, coronal mass ejections, and solar cosmic rays exceeded the present-day values by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The article emphasizes the role of the dynamics of the young Sun, cosmic rays, magnetic field and other protective shells of the Earth as factors determining the occurrence, selection, and development of the first living systems.

中文翻译：

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年轻的太阳、银河过程和生命起源

摘要 该论文涉及年轻太阳的动力学、早期太阳系和地球上的物理条件。提出了对微弱年轻太阳悖论的扩展解释及其可能的解决方案。讨论了各种假设，包括它们的优点和缺点。微弱的年轻太阳悖论遵循质量条件守恒的标准太阳模型。然而，太阳的质量在其演化过程中并没有保持恒定。它在稳步下降，主要是在前 2-25 亿年。但即使有最乐观的估计，我们恒星演化过程中不均匀的质量损失也无法完全弥补到达早期地球表面的光度不足。主要生物圈必须寻找替代品——例如，辐射、化学或地热——能源。太阳磁场的普遍配置在演化过程中也发生了变化，强四极场在早期占主导地位。在大约 2-25 亿年的年龄和大约 15 天的自转周期，从日冕孔流出大量质量的偶极磁场开始占主导地位，稳定的太阳风成为太阳质量损失的主要机制。接下来的二十亿年。早期太阳的活动比今天高得多。高频（伽马射线、X 射线和紫外线）辐射、无线电发射、日冕物质抛射和太阳宇宙射线比当前值高出 2-3 个数量级。文章强调了年轻太阳、宇宙射线、