The Canada Warbler Cardellina canadensis is a steeply declining Neotropical migratory bird and > 50% of its non-breeding range is within the Colombian Andes. Despite being an abundant migrant in Andean forests, the species’ elevational distribution and non-breeding ecology have yet to be studied, thereby precluding the design of effective conservation actions. During four non-breeding periods (2012–2016), we surveyed Colombia’s three Andean ranges, carrying out passive 5-minute point counts between 700 and 3,150 m asl in five habitats (mature forest, secondary growth, forest edges/riparian forest, shade coffee, sun coffee), recording the perpendicular distance, sex, foraging height, and association with mixed species flocks of Canada Warbler. Habitat variables were recorded at each point. Based on 819 passive point counts, Canada Warblers occupied elevations between 750 and 2,300 m, being more abundant between 1,000 and 2,200 m. Relative densities were higher in mature forest compared to shade coffee and secondary forest, and accordingly abundance increased with canopy height. There was no evidence for a difference in elevation or habitat use by males and females. Within forests, birds foraged at mid-levels, 5–15 m above the ground, and the probability of Canada Warblers occurring in mixed species flocks increased with elevation. Models of variation in relative density throughout the Eastern Andes showed a positive relation with cloud cover and above-ground forest biomass, implying a preference for humid, forested regions. Of the areas in the Eastern Andes with high predicted relative density, ∼ 14% overlapped with protected areas and we identify priority areas where protective measures could benefit the conservation status of the species. For maximum effectiveness, conservation actions should focus on protecting forest fragments and initiating reforestation projects at mid-elevations (1,000–2,200 m), as well as supporting agroforestry practices in humid regions of the Colombian Andes.

加拿大鸣鸟Cardellina canadensis是新热带候鸟的急剧下降，其非繁殖范围的50％以上在哥伦比亚安第斯山脉内。尽管是安第斯森林中的大量移民，但该物种的海拔分布和非繁殖生态学尚待研究，从而无法设计出有效的保护措施。在四个非繁殖时期（2012-2016年），我们对哥伦比亚的三个安第斯山脉进行了调查，在五个生境（成熟森林，次生生长，森林边缘/河岸森林，阴凉处）进行了介于700和3150 m asl之间的被动5分钟点计数咖啡，太阳咖啡），记录垂直距离，性别，觅食高度以及与加拿大莺的混合物种群的关联。在每个点记录生境变量。根据819个被动点的数量，加拿大鸣鸟占领了750至2,300 m之间的海拔，在1,000至2,200 m之间更为丰富。与遮荫咖啡和次生林相比，成熟林中的相对密度更高，因此，丰度随着树冠高度的增加而增加。没有证据表明男性和女性在海拔或栖息地使用上存在差异。在森林中，鸟类在海拔5-15 m的中层觅食，并且随着海拔的升高，加拿大莺在混合物种群中发生的可能性也随之增加。整个安第斯山脉东部的相对密度变化模型显示出与云量和地面上的森林生物量呈正相关，这意味着偏爱潮湿的森林地区。在安第斯山脉东部，相对密度较高的地区，约有14％与保护区重叠，我们确定了优先保护区，这些保护区可以使该物种的保护状况受益。为了获得最大的效益，保护行动应着重于保护森林碎片和在海拔较高（1,000-2,200 m）处启动造林项目，并支持哥伦比亚安第斯山脉湿润地区的农林业实践。