With the development of nanotechnology, metal‐containing nanoparticles are used widely in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The neurotoxicity of these nanoparticles has drawn attention. Glial cells (particularly microglial cells and astrocytes) have important functions in the CNS. Neural disorders are related to functional/histologic damage to glial cells. Dysfunctions of microglial cells or astrocytes injure the brain, and cause the neurodegeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We have summarized the route of access of metal‐containing nanoparticles to the CNS, as well as their neurotoxicity and potential molecular mechanisms involved in glial cells. Metal‐containing nanoparticles cross or bypass the blood‐brain barrier, access the CNS and cause neurotoxicity. The potential mechanisms are related to inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA and/or mitochondrial damage and cell death, all of which are mediated by microglial cell activation, inflammatory factor release, generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and/or autophagy in glial cells. Moreover, these processes increase the burden of the CNS and even accelerate the occurrence or development of neurodegenerative diseases. Some important signaling pathways involved in the mechanism of neurotoxicity in glial cells caused by nanoparticles are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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含金属纳米粒子的神经毒性及其对神经胶质细胞的影响。

随着纳米技术的发展，含金属纳米粒子被广泛应用于中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病的诊断、监测和治疗。这些纳米粒子的神经毒性引起了人们的注意。神经胶质细胞（特别是小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞）在中枢神经系统中具有重要的功能。神经疾病与神经胶质细胞的功能/组织损伤有关。小胶质细胞或星形胶质细胞的功能障碍会损伤大脑，并导致阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病中的神经变性。我们总结了含金属纳米粒子进入中枢神经系统的途径，以及它们的神经毒性和参与神经胶质细胞的潜在分子机制。含金属纳米粒子穿过或绕过血脑屏障，进入中枢神经系统并引起神经毒性。潜在的机制与炎症、氧化应激、DNA 和/或线粒体损伤和细胞死亡有关，所有这些都是由小胶质细胞激活、炎症因子释放、活性氧的产生、细胞凋亡和/或神经胶质细胞自噬介导的。此外，这些过程增加了中枢神经系统的负担，甚至加速了神经退行性疾病的发生或发展。还讨论了一些涉及纳米颗粒引起的神经胶质细胞神经毒性机制的重要信号通路。这些过程增加了中枢神经系统的负担，甚至加速了神经退行性疾病的发生或发展。还讨论了一些涉及纳米颗粒引起的神经胶质细胞神经毒性机制的重要信号通路。这些过程增加了中枢神经系统的负担，甚至加速了神经退行性疾病的发生或发展。还讨论了一些涉及纳米颗粒引起的神经胶质细胞神经毒性机制的重要信号通路。