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The man behind the honors Dr. P. M. MacLeod MD FRCPC FCCMG DABG.
Birth Defects Research ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-19 , DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1681
Patrick M MacLeod 1, 2
Affiliation  

I first met Dr. Fraser in the spring of 1969. I was in the middle of my first year of a pediatric residency, having my career path—neurosurgery—come to an abrupt end! During this hiatus, my mentor of the day introduced me to the study of congenital malformations and syndromology. It was he who suggested I continue in this area of training and made an introduction for me to Dr. Fraser in Montréal.

He was very receptive to having a pediatric resident/clinical fellow join the Division of Medical Genetics at the Montréal Children's Hospital. All the necessary arrangements just “fell into place!” In July, my wife and our 2‐month‐old daughter arrived in Montréal and began a four‐year fellowship.

Montréal, in the 70s, was an exciting place to live with dramatic political events and of learning about Pediatrics and Medicine in general. Dr. Fraser suggested that I might go through the various rotations with attention to the genetic contribution to each ward admission or outpatient clinic visit. There was no set curriculum, and I came to realize that what I was learning was by “osmosis” from the members of his hospital team. Having sent me in this direction, he let things happen, and again “things just fell into place.”

Looking back, I have come to realize that it was in keeping with his Socratic style of teaching. Little did I realize how busy he must have been during this time. He had responsibilities as a founding member of the Teratology Society, the youngest President of the American Society of Human Genetics, and his work to establish the Department of Medical Genetics at McGill, and his ever‐expanding cohort of graduate students and visiting scientists. And yet he had time to introduce me to the art of genetic counseling, join me on ward rounds, and to encourage the writing of case reports which he edited with a deft hand. “What do you think about this instead of that” often printed in the margins of our drafts?

During my second year, my wife and I came for dinner! It was an opportunity for us to meet his partner, Marylin Preus. Muriel was the same age as Marylin, some 25 years younger than the professor! So, to break the ice, we began to double date attending various Departmental and Grad Student parties. These turned out to be in preparation for the coming‐out event. The clinical genetics groups in Boston and Montreal had reciprocal exchanges, with a day of papers and presentation followed by the gala dinner and in the elegant Faculty Club of the University of Montreal, situated on a hill overlooking the river. It was the custom of the day that couples be introduced, perched at the top of the long staircase. I still remember the murmuring of the gathering at our presentation. Not only was the ice broken, but it was also shattered! Fraser had a knack of avoiding confrontations and could defuse what might have been an awkward moment for others.

That event sealed our friendship, and to this day, Marylin and Muriel talk on the phone, coast to coast every Sunday.

I began to understand that Fraser had two laboratories, one in the mouse room at McGill, the other the in‐patient wards of the Hospital. We would make rounds together. It was here that I realized I was becoming a clinician.

One day, he showed me his filling system. One entire wall in the office held library‐style filing boxes that held two by two cards, each with a diagnosis and a link to the hospital records A number of his MSc students were physicians, and many of them have gone on to make significant contributions to medical genetics at home and abroad. One of them is the editor of this Journal.

In 1973, having completed my Pediatric training, my family and I moved home to Vancouver. I joined the Division of Medical Genetic led by Dr. Jim Miller, PhD. He was one of Fraser's many proteges who had set up a mouse room at UBC. Dr. Brain Lowry was busy establishing a Clinical Genetics presence at the Health Centre for Children. Fraser meanwhile was working with others to develop the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists.

As he became more and more drawn into counseling families referred to the department, he realized that he had little background in interviewing and even less in dealing with the psychological and emotional pressures that are inherent to the counseling process. Recognizing this and under the sponsorship of the National Genetics Foundation, he convened a workshop “designed to evaluate and make recommendations about the status of genetic counseling, its goals, nature, achievements, and needs.” The meeting was to help in the formulation of guidelines for optimal genetic counseling (Fraser, 1974).

In time, these guidelines adopted by the American Society of Human served as a template in the development of the Genetic Counselor MSc programs in Canada. McGill was the first of four Canadian training programs. A number of his graduate students went on to study the techniques, psychodynamics, and effectiveness of genetic counseling (Lippmann‐Hand & Fraser, 1979). Looking back, this was probably his most influential contribution to clinical genetics.

His many contributions were acknowledged at home and abroad. He was made a member of the order of Canada and also awarded the Les Prix du Quebec, Wilder Penfield Biomedical Research Prize. Dr. Fraser was “unanimously regarded as one of Canada's most illustrious specialists in human and medical genetics. Both a doctor in genetics and medicine, he is, without a doubt, one of the founders of current clinical genetics and the first to introduce medical genetics in Hospital” http://www.prixduquebec.gouv.qc.ca.

During this time, we managed to keep in touch, usually at the CCMG and ASHG annual meetings. In 1982, we moved to Kingston Ontario 2 hr west of Montreal. Over the next 10 years, we were frequent visitors. This period was also a time for his more off the cuff writing. Usually, this was in the form of short poems or reflections on their travels. On one occasion while traveling in Greece, Fraser penned a letter to the editor of the American Journal of Medical Genetics entitled “The History of Greece in one Page.” (Fraser, 1997). When it was published, it almost created an international incident. His letter was to be a spoof on congenital malformations and ancient Greek sculpture. “The excavated statues provide much useful information about these civilizations. It is no wonder that so many men got killed, the way they ran around bare naked, brandishing swords and shields, without even a jockstrap for protection down there” You get the drift.

However, just the year before an article appeared in the same entitled “Mythos and Logos in Hesiod's Theogony” that dealt with the history of medicine, ancient; abnormalities, multiple; pregnancy hermaphroditism; twins, conjoined; chimerism; teratogenesis . (Bazopoulou‐Kyrkanidou, 1996).

Ooops. Fraser had not yet read that issue! He had to make use of his familial diplomatic skills to avoid further embarrassment (Fraser, 1998).

After he finally “retired” in 1995, he joined Marylin in the Clarke House in Bear River Nova Scotia. We managed to visit every year or so. At the age of 85, he was teaching a course in Practical Human Genetics to a group of senior citizens at Acadia University, his old alma mater. I joined him on one occasion, and he had not lost his ability to capture an audience. Our reward was a lunch at the Digby Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet. It had nothing to do that it was the weekly two for one special. Instead, when he got home, he would claim to Marylin that it was my idea! We had several such lunches sitting at a picnic table overlooking the harbor.Often he would retire to his den at the top of the stairs to read the current literature, while he served as the book editor for the American Journal of Medical Genetics.

Fraser published his formal scientific autobiography (Fraser, 1990) It deals with the very early days of teratology and his contributions to teratogenetics and his various other experiments, graduate students, and his efforts to the establishment of McGill's Department of Human Genetics. He published an updated and the abridged version (Fraser, 2008.

His last paper was published just after his 90th birthday. (Fraser, 2010). When I began to prepare this article, I decided to leave others to comment on his many scientific contributions to experimental genetics, teratology, and teratogenetics.

I made a list of keywords that might best describe the man. Wordsmith: doggerel poet: empathetic: humorists: athlete: world traveler: father: grandfather, godfather, beloved friend, and mentor.



中文翻译:

荣誉背后的人PM MacLeod博士MD FRCPC FCCMG DABG。

1969年春天,我第一次遇到了弗雷泽(Fraser)博士。在小儿住院的第一年中,我的职业生涯-神经外科-突然结束了!在此休假期间,我当时的导师向我介绍了先天性畸形和综合症的研究。是他建议我继续从事这一培训领域,并向我介绍了蒙特利尔的弗雷泽博士。

他非常乐意让小儿科住院医师/临床研究员加入蒙特利尔儿童医​​院医学遗传学部门。所有必要的安排都“落入位!” 7月,我的妻子和我们两个月大的女儿到达蒙特利尔,开始了为期四年的研究金。

蒙特利尔,在20世纪70年代,是一个激动人心的地方,可以参加各种戏剧性的政治活动以及学习有关儿科和医学的一般知识。弗雷泽(Fraser)博士建议我轮流进行各种轮换,并注意对每次病房住院或门诊就诊的遗传贡献。没有固定的课程设置,我才意识到,我所学的是来自他医院团队成员的“渗透”。在朝着这个方向派我之后,他让事情发生了,然后又“事情刚好就位”。

回顾过去,我已经意识到这符合他的苏格拉底教学风格。我几乎没有意识到他在这段时间一定很忙。他是畸形学学会的创始成员,美国人类遗传学学会最年轻的主席,负责在麦吉尔建立医学遗传学系的工作以及他不断扩大的研究生和访问科学家队伍。然而,他仍然有时间向我介绍基因咨询的技术,加入我的病房,并鼓励他用灵巧的手来编写病例报告。我们草案的空白处经常印有“您对此有何看法?”

第二年,我和妻子来吃晚饭!这是我们与他的搭档Marylin Preus会面的机会。穆里尔(Muriel)和玛丽琳(Marylin)年龄相同,比教授小25岁!因此,为了打破僵局,我们开始两次参加各种部门和研究生会议。事实证明,这些都是为即将到来的活动做准备。波士顿和蒙特利尔的临床遗传学团体进行了互惠交流,进行了一天的论文发表和演讲,随后举行了盛大晚宴,并在俯瞰河水的小山上的蒙特利尔大学优雅的学院俱乐部中。引入情侣的那天的习俗是坐在长楼梯的顶端。我仍然记得我们的演讲中对聚会的抱怨。冰不仅碎了,而且还碎了!

那件事密封了我们的友谊,直到今天,玛丽琳和穆里尔在电话上交谈,每个星期天都在不停地前进。

我开始理解弗雷泽有两个实验室,一个在麦吉尔的老鼠室内,另一个在医院的住院病房。我们将一起巡回演出。正是在这里,我意识到自己正在成为一名临床医生。

有一天,他给我看了他的灌装系统。办公室的一整堵墙都装有图书馆式文件箱,里面有两两张卡片,每张卡片都有诊断信息,并链接到医院记录。他的许多理科硕士生都是医生,其中许多人都做出了重要贡献国内外医学遗传学。其中一位是本期刊的编辑。

1973年,在完成我的儿科培训之后,我和我的家人回到了温哥华。我加入了由吉姆·米勒(Jim Miller)博士领导的医学遗传学部门。他是弗雷泽(Fraser)在UBC设立鼠标室的众多门徒之一。Brain Lowry博士正忙于在儿童健康中心建立临床遗传学。与此同时,弗雷泽(Fraser)正在与其他人合作开发加拿大医学遗传学家学院。

随着他越来越多地被咨询部门转介给咨询部门,他意识到自己几乎没有面试的背景,也没有处理咨询过程中固有的心理和情感压力的背景。认识到这一点,在国家遗传学基金会的赞助下,他召集了一个研讨会“旨在对遗传咨询的现状,目标,性质,成就和需求进行评估并提出建议。” 该会议旨在帮助制定最佳遗传咨询指南(Fraser,1974)。

随着时间的流逝,美国人类学会采用的这些指南成为加拿大遗传顾问MSc计划开发的模板。麦吉尔是加拿大四项培训计划中的第一项。他的许多研究生继续研究了遗传咨询的技术,心理动力学和有效性(Lippmann-Hand和Fraser,1979年)。回顾过去,这可能是他对临床遗传学最有影响力的贡献。

他的许多贡献在国内外得到认可。他被授予加拿大勋章,还获得了魁北克Les Prix威尔德·彭菲尔德生物医学研究奖。Fraser博士“被一致认为是加拿大人类和医学遗传学领域最杰出的专家之一。毫无疑问,他既是遗传学和医学领域的医生,也是当前临床遗传学的创始人之一,也是第一个在医院引入医学遗传学的人。” http://www.prixduquebec.gouv.qc.ca。

在这段时间内,我们设法保持联系,通常是在CCMG和ASHG年度会议上。1982年,我们搬到蒙特利尔以西2小时的安大略省金斯顿。在接下来的十年中,我们经常光顾。这个时期也是他更多的写作时间。通常,这是短诗形式或对旅行的反思。一次在希腊旅行时,弗雷泽(Fraser)给《美国医学遗传学杂志》(American Journal of Medical Genetics)的编辑写了一封信,标题为“一页希腊史”。(弗雷泽,1997年)。当它出版时,它几乎造成了国际事件。他的信是关于先天畸形和古希腊雕塑的恶作剧。“出土的雕像为这些文明提供了许多有用的信息。难怪有这么多人被杀,他们光着身子裸奔地奔跑,挥舞着剑法和盾牌,甚至没有骑手去保护自己。”

然而,就在前一年,一篇文章出现在同一篇名为《海西德神学》中的神话和标志的文章中,涉及古代医学史。异常,多重;怀孕雌雄同体; 双胞胎,连体;嵌合体 致畸作用。(Bazopoulou-Kyrkanidou,1996年)。

哎呀 Fraser尚未阅读该问题!为了避免进一步的尴尬他不得不利用家族的外交技巧(Fraser,1998)。

在他于1995年最终“退休”之后,他加入了玛丽琳,在新斯科舍省比尔河的克拉克故居。我们设法每年大约拜访。他85岁那年,正在他的母校阿卡迪亚大学(Acadia University)向一群老年人讲授实用人类遗传学课程。我有一次和他在一起,他并没有失去吸引观众的能力。我们的奖励是在迪格比肯塔基炸鸡店享用午餐。没什么可做的,那是每周两次特别节目。相反,当他回到家时,他会向玛丽琳声称这是我的主意!我们有几顿这样的午餐坐在俯瞰港口的野餐桌上,他通常会退休到楼梯顶的书房阅读当前的文献,而他则是《美国医学遗传学杂志》的编辑。

弗雷泽(Fraser )出版了他的正式科学自传(Fraser,1990)。该书涉及畸形学的早期,他对畸变遗传学的贡献以及他的各种其他实验,研究生以及为建立麦吉尔人类遗传学系所做的努力。他出版了更新版和删节版(Fraser,2008

他的最后一篇论文发表于他90岁生日之后。(Fraser,2010年)。当我开始编写本文时,我决定让其他人评论他对实验遗传学,畸形学和畸变遗传学的许多科学贡献。

我列出了最能描述男人的关键词。文字史密斯:Doggerel诗人:同情心:幽默主义者:运动员:世界旅行者:父亲:祖父,教父,挚爱的朋友和导师。

更新日期:2020-07-20
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