Ocean warming impacts the fitness of marine ectothermic species, leading to poleward range shifts, re-shuffling of communities, and changes in ecosystem services. While the detrimental effects of summer heat waves have been widely studied, little is known about the impacts of winter warming on marine species in temperate regions. Many species benefit from low winter temperature-induced reductions in metabolism, as these permit conservation of energy reserves that are needed to support reproduction in spring. Here, we used a unique outdoor mesocosm system to expose a coastal predator–prey system, the sea star Asterias and the blue mussel Mytilus, to different winter warming scenarios under near-natural conditions. We found that the body condition of mussels decreased in a linear fashion with increasing temperature. Sea star growth also decreased with increasing temperature, which was a function of unaltered predation rates and decreased mussel body condition. Asterias relative digestive gland mass strongly declined over the studied temperature interval (ca twofold). This could have severe implications for reproductive capacity in the following spring, as digestive glands provide reserve compounds to maturing gonads. Thus, both predator and prey suffered from a mismatch of energy acquisition versus consumption in warmer winter scenarios, with pronounced consequences for food web energy transfer in future oceans.

中文翻译：

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海洋冬季变暖导致捕食者和猎物饥饿

海洋变暖影响海洋变温物种的适应性，导致向极地范围转移、群落重新洗牌和生态系统服务的变化。虽然夏季热浪的不利影响已得到广泛研究，但人们对冬季变暖对温带地区海洋物​​种的影响知之甚少。许多物种受益于冬季低温引起的新陈代谢减少，因为这些可以保存支持春季繁殖所需的能量储备。在这里，我们使用独特的户外中观系统将沿海捕食者-猎物系统、海星 Asterias 和蓝贻贝 Mytilus 暴露在接近自然条件下的不同冬季变暖情景中。我们发现贻贝的身体状况随着温度的升高呈线性下降。海星的生长也随着温度的升高而减少，这是捕食率不变和贻贝身体状况下降的函数。在所研究的温度间隔（大约两倍）内，Asterias 的相对消化腺质量急剧下降。这可能对来年春天的生殖能力产生严重影响，因为消化腺为成熟的性腺提供储备化合物。因此，在温暖的冬季情景中，捕食者和猎物的能量获取与消耗不匹配，这对未来海洋中的食物网能量转移产生了明显的影响。这可能对来年春天的生殖能力产生严重影响，因为消化腺为成熟的性腺提供储备化合物。因此，在温暖的冬季情景中，捕食者和猎物的能量获取与消耗不匹配，这对未来海洋中的食物网能量转移产生了明显的影响。这可能对来年春天的生殖能力产生严重影响，因为消化腺为成熟的性腺提供储备化合物。因此，在温暖的冬季情景中，捕食者和猎物的能量获取与消耗不匹配，这对未来海洋中的食物网能量转移产生了明显的影响。