Globally, lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed and deadliest types of cancer. Lung cancer imaging can be performed using both invasive and noninvasive techniques, including magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, chest radiography, and computed tomography. But nonspecific contrast agents and radiopharmaceuticals are insufficient for early and specific diagnoses and imaging. In the case of lung cancer therapy, conventional therapeutic agents and radiotherapy may cause severe and systemic adverse and toxic effects and fail to eradicate all tumor tissue. Therefore, formulation of novel, targeted, and specific agents is critically important to overcome these challenges. In this review, we summarize lung cancer classification, current methods for lung cancer imaging and therapy, and future options containing nanosized systems for lung cancer imaging and/or therapy.

中文翻译：

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纳米药物递送系统在肺癌成像和治疗中的临床应用

在全球范围内，肺癌是最常被诊断和致命的癌症之一。肺癌成像可使用侵入性和非侵入性技术进行，包括磁共振，正电子发射断层扫描，单光子发射计算机断层扫描，胸部放射线照相和计算机断层扫描。但是非特异性造影剂和放射性药物不足以进行早期和特异性诊断和成像。在肺癌治疗的情况下，常规治疗剂和放射治疗可能引起严重和全身性的不良和毒性作用，并且不能根除所有肿瘤组织。因此，新型，靶向和特异制剂的配制对于克服这些挑战至关重要。在这篇评论中，我们总结了肺癌的分类，当前的肺癌影像学和治疗方法，