Melanoma is a skin cancer caused by a malignancy of melanocytes. Incidence of melanoma is rapidly increasing worldwide, which results in public health problems. Primary extracutaneous melanomas can be ocular, gastrointestinal, mucosal, leptomeningeal, genitourinary, and lymphatic. The relationship between exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and development of melanoma is intensively acute and complex, and intermittent sun exposure greatly increases the risk of melanoma. It is the fifth most common type of cancer in men number and the sixth most common in women. The diagnosis of melanoma is made through clinical assessment of the pigmented by health care professionals. Architectural features of malignant melanoma including asymmetry, confluence of growth, marked cellularity, and poor circumscription. The cytological feature of malignant melanoma include an irregular and thick nuclear membrane and prominent nucleoli. The preventive measures include reducing exposure to UV light and the sun. The early detection of skin cancer greatly reduces both short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. The treatment and follow-up with the doctor for melanoma patients may differ because of the stage of the tumor and the primary lesion. The typical therapy for malignant melanoma is surgical excision, immunotherapy such as interleukin 2 (IL-2), gene therapy, and biochemotherapy.

中文翻译：

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恶性黑色素瘤：皮肤癌的诊断，预防和治疗。

黑色素瘤是由黑色素细胞的恶性肿瘤引起的皮肤癌。全球范围内，黑色素瘤的发病率正在迅速增加，这导致了公共卫生问题。原发性皮肤外黑色素瘤可以是眼，胃肠道，粘膜，软脑膜，泌尿生殖道和淋巴瘤。紫外线（UV）照射与黑色素瘤发展之间的关系非常强烈且复杂，而间歇性阳光照射会大大增加黑色素瘤的风险。在男性中，它是第五大最常见的癌症类型，在女性中是第六大最常见的癌症类型。黑色素瘤的诊断是通过医疗专业人员对色素沉着的临床评估来进行的。恶性黑色素瘤的结构特征包括不对称性，生长汇合，明显的细胞性和不良的包膜。恶性黑色素瘤的细胞学特征包括不规则且厚的核膜和突出的核仁。预防措施包括减少暴露在紫外线和阳光下。皮肤癌的早期发现大大降低了短期和长期的发病率和死亡率。由于肿瘤的分期和原发灶的不同，黑色素瘤患者的治疗和随访可能有所不同。恶性黑色素瘤的典型疗法是手术切除，免疫疗法（如白介素2（IL-2）），基因疗法和生物化学疗法。由于肿瘤的分期和原发灶的不同，黑色素瘤患者的治疗和随访可能有所不同。恶性黑色素瘤的典型治疗方法是手术切除，免疫治疗（如白介素2（IL-2）），基因治疗和生物化学治疗。黑色素瘤患者的治疗和随访可能因肿瘤的阶段和原发灶而有所不同。恶性黑色素瘤的典型疗法是手术切除，免疫疗法（如白介素2（IL-2）），基因疗法和生物化学疗法。