A phylogenetic analysis using a combination of mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear markers (ITS2, 28S) indicated that Punctoidea, as previously interpreted, is polyphyletic. It comprises two main groups, containing northern hemisphere (Laurasian) and predominantly southern hemisphere (Gondwanan) taxa respectively, treated here as separate superfamilies. Within Punctoidea sensu stricto, Punctidae, Cystopeltidae and Endodontidae form separate monophyletic clades, but Charopidae, as currently interpreted, is paraphyletic. Most of the charopid taxa that we sequenced, including Charopa coma (Gray, 1843) and other Charopinae, grouped in a clade with Punctidae but some charopid taxa from Australia and South America grouped with Cystopeltidae. Cystopeltidae previously contained a single Australia-endemic genus, Cystopelta Tate, 1881, but our analysis suggests that it is considerably more diverse taxonomically and has a much wider distribution. For taxonomic stability, we suggest that Charopidae be retained as a family-level group for now, pending further study of the systematic relationships of its constituent taxa. A new superfamily, Discoidea, is erected here for two Northern Hemisphere families, Discidae and Oreohelicidae, which were previously assigned to Punctoidea. The North American species Radiodomus abietum, previously in Charopidae, is also here assigned to Discoidea. The phylogenetic relationships of Helicodiscidae, previously assigned to Punctoidea, were not fully resolved in our analysis, but the family is apparently closely related to Arionoidea Gray, 1840 and infraorder Limacoidei.

中文翻译：

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Punctoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) 的分子系统发育分析

使用线粒体 (COI, 16S) 和核标记 (ITS2, 28S) 组合进行的系统发育分析表明，如先前解释的那样，Punctoidea 是多系的。它包括两个主要类群，分别包含北半球（劳亚目）和南半球占优势的类群（冈瓦纳），这里作为单独的超科处理。在狭义的尖角星纲中，尖尖角星科、Cystopeltidae 和 Endodontidae 形成单独的单系进化枝，但目前解释的 Charopidae 是并系的。我们测序的大多数charopid 分类群，包括Charopa coma (Gray, 1843) 和其他Charopinae，与Punctidae 归为一个分支，但来自澳大利亚和南美洲的一些charopid 类群与Cystopeltidae 归为一组。Cystopeltidae 以前包含一个澳大利亚特有属，Cystopelta Tate，1881 年，但我们的分析表明，它在分类学上更加多样化，分布范围更广。为了分类学的稳定性，我们建议暂时将 Charopidae 保留为科级组，等待对其组成分类群的系统关系进行进一步研究。一个新的总科 Discoidea 在这里为两个北半球科 Discidae 和 Oreohelicidae 建立起来，这两个科以前属于 Punctoidea。北美物种 Radiodomus abietum，以前在 Charopidae 中，在这里也被指定为 Discoidea。Helicodiscidae 的系统发育关系，以前被分配到 Punctoidea，在我们的分析中没有完全解决，但该科显然与 Arionoidea Gray, 1840 和下目 Limacoidei 密切相关。