Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) has emerged in recent years as an imaging modality used to examine volitional control over targeted brain activity. rtfMRI-nf has also been applied clinically as a way to train individuals to self-regulate areas of the brain, or circuitry, involved in various disorders. One such application of rtfMRI-nf has been in the domain of addictive behaviors, including substance use. Given the pervasiveness of substance use and the challenges of existing treatments to sustain abstinence, rtfMRI-nf has been identified as a promising treatment tool. rtfMRI-nf has also been used in basic science research in order to test the ability to modulate brain function involved in addiction. This review focuses first on providing an overview of recent rtfMRI-nf studies in substance-using populations, specifically nicotine, alcohol, and cocaine users, aimed at reducing craving-related brain activation. Next, rtfMRI-nf studies targeting reward responsivity and emotion regulation in healthy samples are reviewed in order to examine the extent to which areas of the brain involved in addiction can be self-regulated using neurofeedback. We propose that future rtfMRI-nf studies could be strengthened by improvements to study design, sample selection, and more robust strategies in the development and assessment of rtfMRI-nf as a clinical treatment. Recommendations for ways to accomplish these improvements are provided. rtfMRI-nf holds much promise as an imaging modality that can directly target key brain regions involved in addiction, however additional studies are needed in order to establish rtfMRI-nf as an effective, and practical, treatment for addiction.

近年来，实时功能磁共振成像神经反馈（rtfMRI-nf）作为一种成像方式出现，用于检查对目标大脑活动的意志控制。rtfMRI-nf 也已应用于临床，作为训练个体自我调节涉及各种疾病的大脑区域或电路的方法。rtfMRI-nf 的此类应用之一是在成瘾行为领域，包括物质使用。鉴于物质使用的普遍性以及现有治疗维持戒断的挑​​战，rtfMRI-nf 已被认为是一种有前途的治疗工具。rtfMRI-nf 还被用于基础科学研究，以测试调节与成瘾相关的大脑功能的能力。本综述首先概述了近期针对物质使用人群（特别是尼古丁、酒精和可卡因使用者）的 rtfMRI-nf 研究，旨在减少与渴望相关的大脑激活。接下来，我们回顾了针对健康样本的奖励反应和情绪调节的 rtfMRI-nf 研究，以检查与成瘾相关的大脑区域可以在多大程度上使用神经反馈进行自我调节。我们建议，未来的 rtfMRI-nf 研究可以通过改进研究设计、样本选择以及开发和评估 rtfMRI-nf 作为临床治疗的更强有力的策略来加强。提供了实现这些改进的方法的建议。rtfMRI-nf 作为一种成像方式有很大前景，可以直接针对与成瘾有关的关键大脑区域，但需要进行更多研究才能将 rtfMRI-nf 确立为有效且实用的成瘾治疗方法。