Abstract Nature-based Solutions (NBS) are increasingly promoted to support sustainable and resilient urban planning. However, design and planning urban NBS targeted at the needs of the local context require knowledge about the causal relationships between NBS, ecosystem services (ES) and urban challenges (UC) This paper aims at contributing to this knowledge, by systematically identifying nexuses (i.e. qualitative links) between UC, ES and NBS, and describing plausible causal relationships. A conceptual UC-ES-NBS criteria framework was built, and used to guide a two-step systematic literature review on current UC and on the supply of ES by urban NBS. This was followed by a non-systematic literature review, which complemented the previous one by unveiling knowledge gaps on the biophysical and social processes and attributes on which specific ES classes depend. The non-systematic review was also used to identify additional NBS. The UC review identified 18 UC and 58 sub-challenges, and illustrated which UC were more studied, according to the type of literature and environmental and socio-economic attributes of urban contexts. The ES review led to the development of an urban NBS classification, and supported the identification of UC-ES and ES-NBS nexuses, which were analysed and classified into four groups of causal relationship. For the nexuses identified as direct plausible causal relationship, the main processes and attributes on which the supply of specific ES depend were pointed out. Relationships between UC, ES, NBS, processes, and attributes were represented in the form of network diagrams. Our results can be used to support urban policies aimed at mainstreaming NBS and as a basis to further understand UC-ES-NBS relationships.

中文翻译：

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基于自然的解决方案、生态系统服务和城市挑战之间的联系

摘要 基于自然的解决方案 (NBS) 越来越多地被推广以支持可持续和有弹性的城市规划。然而，针对当地环境需求的城市 NBS 设计和规划需要了解 NBS、生态系统服务 (ES) 和城市挑战 (UC) 之间的因果关系。 UC、ES 和 NBS 之间的定性联系），并描述合理的因果关系。建立了一个概念性的 UC-ES-NBS 标准框架，并用于指导对当前 UC 和城市 NBS 提供 ES 的两步系统文献回顾。随后进行了非系统的文献综述，它通过揭示特定 ES 类所依赖的生物物理和社会过程和属性的知识差距来补充前一个。非系统评价也用于确定额外的 NBS。UC 审查确定了 18 个 UC 和 58 个子挑战，并根据文献类型以及城市环境的环境和社会经济属性说明了哪些 UC 得到了更多的研究。ES 审查导致了城市 NBS 分类的发展，并支持了 UC-ES 和 ES-NBS 关系的识别，这些关系被分析并分为四组因果关系。对于确定为直接合理因果关系的关联，指出了特定 ES 供应所依赖的主要过程和属性。UC、ES、NBS、流程之间的关系，和属性以网络图的形式表示。我们的结果可用于支持旨在将 NBS 纳入主流的城市政策，并作为进一步了解 UC-ES-NBS 关系的基础。