Abstract Present efforts in volcano monitoring, particularly in Southeast Asia, rely on the combination of local data (generally gathered at less than 100 km from the volcano), and satellite remote sensing. While this combination has its strengths, there are still weaknesses that the use of ground-based remote sensing data - such as distant infrasound measurements - could help alleviate. Infrasound offers tools for detecting and characterizing volcanic plumes independent of cloud cover and time of day. Larger volcanic eruptions generate infrasound that is related to the plume and offers a unique view into eruption dynamics within the context of monitoring. Past research has demonstrated that infrasound can be used to estimate source parameters, such as the rate at which material is ejected from volcanic vents during eruptions; these are key input parameters into empirical and numerical models to estimate the height of volcanic plumes, atmospheric ash transport and dispersion. Here, we demonstrate the use of remote infrasound in estimating the height of volcanic plumes, including a case study on the May 30, 2014 plume from the volcano Sangeang Api in Indonesia. We were able to determine the plume height using infrasound gathered from 2000 to over 5000 km distance from the volcano. During the January 2020 eruption of Taal volcano in the Philippines, this method was applied to remote infrasound recorded 1650 km to the east. We show that our workflow can be implemented in near real-time, offering an effective tool for rapid plume height measurement, including associated uncertainties, when volcanic clouds are not visible from the ground or space.

中文翻译：

---

用于区域火山监测的次声羽流高度估计

摘要 目前在火山监测方面的努力，特别是在东南亚，依赖于当地数据（通常在距火山 100 公里以内收集）和卫星遥感的结合。虽然这种组合有其优势，但仍然存在一些弱点，使用地面遥感数据——例如远距离次声测量——可以帮助缓解。次声提供了检测和表征火山羽流的工具，不受云层和时间的影响。较大的火山喷发会产生与羽流相关的次声，并在监测范围内提供对喷发动态的独特视角。过去的研究表明，次声可用于估计源参数，例如火山喷发期间物质从火山口喷出的速率；这些是经验模型和数值模型的关键输入参数，用于估计火山羽流的高度、大气灰烬的迁移和扩散。在这里，我们展示了使用远程次声来估计火山羽流的高度，包括对 2014 年 5 月 30 日印度尼西亚 Sangeang Api 火山羽流的案例研究。我们能够使用从 2000 年到距火山 5000 多公里的距离收集的次声来确定羽流高度。在 2020 年 1 月菲律宾塔阿尔火山喷发期间，该方法被应用于记录到以东 1650 公里的远程次声波。我们展示了我们的工作流程可以近乎实时地实施，当从地面或太空看不到火山云时，它为快速测量羽流高度提供了一种有效的工具，包括相关的不确定性。