Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) is a popular ornamental and model plant species, and the recently released reference genome could greatly boost its utilization in fundamental research. However, the lack of an efficient genetic transformation system is still a major limiting factor for its full application in genetic and molecular studies. In this study, a simple method for quick regeneration and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of snapdragon was developed. Cotyledon petiole and hypocotyl explants derived from two-week-old seedlings were cultured on MS media supplemented with 2 mg/L zeatin (ZT), 0.2 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2 mg/L AgNO₃, and adventitious shoots were regenerated through organogenesis with an average regeneration of 48.00% and 41.33%, respectively. By contrast, the regeneration frequency was only 22.67% for cotyledon petiole and 25.67% for hypocotyl explants in the absence of AgNO₃. Moreover, the application of AgNO₃ promoted indirect shoot organogenesis, while direct shoot organogenesis occurred in the absence of AgNO₃ from both hypocotyl or cotyledon petiole explants. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation systems were developed with this high-efficient regeneration system. The transformation efficiency has been improved from 0 to 1% through the direct shoot organogenesis to 3 to 4% via the indirect shoot organogenesis. This efficient regeneration and genetic transformation method could be important for future use of snapdragon as a model plant to address some fundamental questions which are hard to be solved by using other model plant species, and to accelerate the breeding process through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.

金鱼草（Antirrhinum majus L.）是一种流行的观赏植物和模型植物，最近发布的参考基因组可以大大提高其在基础研究中的利用率。但是，缺乏有效的遗传转化系统仍然是其在遗传和分子研究中全面应用的主要限制因素。在这项研究中，开发了一种快速再生和高效农杆菌介导的金鱼草转化的简单方法。在补充2 mg / L玉米素（ZT），0.2 mg / L 1-萘乙酸（NAA）和2 mg / L AgNO _3的MS培养基上培养源自两周龄幼苗的子叶叶柄和下胚轴外植体不定芽通过器官发生再生，平均再生分别为48.00％和41.33％。相比之下，在没有AgNO ₃的情况下，子叶叶柄的再生频率仅为22.67％，而下胚轴外植体的再生频率仅为25.67％。而且，AgNO ₃的应用促进了间接芽器官的发生，而直接芽的器官发生是在没有AgNO ₃的情况下发生的。来自下胚轴或子叶的叶柄外植体。用这种高效的再生系统开发了农杆菌介导的遗传转化系统。通过直接芽器官发生，转化效率从0％提高到1％，通过间接芽器官发生将转化效率提高到3-4％。这种有效的再生和遗传转化方法对于将来将金鱼草用作模型植物来解决一些基本问题，这些问题是其他模型植物物种难以解决的，并通过CRISPR / Cas9基因组编辑来加速育种过程，可能具有重要意义。