Drilling and completing an oil/gas well is a time-sensitive and high-value operation, in which environment/system parameters change in unseen, unpredictable environments. Safety issues arise at every stage. Drilling principles can be taught using traditional methods, but safety and event response are difficult to teach in such formats. Here, in this article, we integrate a hardware-in-the-loop simulator, downhole physics, and auxiliary touchscreen interfaces (similar to a rig's add-on equipment) to develop a realistic, real-time drilling simulator for well control operation training. Realistic operational data are supplied to the simulator representative of downhole operations, including unplanned well events. The well plan accounts for drilling parameter changes, the pore-pressure fracture-gradient drilling window, mud weights, etc., which occur in response to the unplanned events. The developed simulator is used for hands-on training, human factor studies, model verification, and evaluating new auxiliary equipment and/or operational procedures. A critical research objective was evaluating the accuracy/realism of the developed system. To do so, eight petroleum engineering students and 11 certified drillers were trained and asked to complete a comprehensive (>6 h) drilling operation. System accuracy was measured by comparing how new versus experienced operators learned to operate the simulator, execute mission-critical tasks, and respond to unplanned events. The results validate the realism of the developed simulator and scenarios, since personnel with prior drilling experience took significantly less time to master the system.

中文翻译：

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用于培训和评估人为因素的基于场景的钻井模拟器的开发和验证


油气井的钻探和完井是一项时间敏感且高价值的作业，其中环境/系统参数会在看不见、不可预测的环境中发生变化。每个阶段都会出现安全问题。钻井原理可以使用传统方法进行教授，但安全和事件响应很难以这种方式进行教授。在本文中，我们集成了硬件在环模拟器、井下物理系统和辅助触摸屏界面（类似于钻机的附加设备），以开发用于井控操作培训的逼真的实时钻井模拟器。向模拟器提供代表井下作业的真实作业数据，包括计划外的井事件。井计划考虑了响应计划外事件而发生的钻井参数变化、孔隙压力裂缝梯度钻井窗口、泥浆比重等。开发的模拟器用于实践培训、人为因素研究、模型验证以及评估新的辅助设备和/或操作程序。一个关键的研究目标是评估所开发系统的准确性/真实性。为此，8 名石油工程专业的学生和 11 名经过认证的钻井工接受了培训，并要求完成全面的 (>6 h) 钻井作业。通过比较新操作员和经验丰富的操作员如何学习操作模拟器、执行关键任务以及响应计划外事件来衡量系统准确性。结果验证了所开发的模拟器和场景的真实性，因为具有钻井经验的人员掌握该系统所需的时间要少得多。