An important challenge in smart environments is how to manipulate the smart objects. Although mobile applications are typically used for controlling a smart environment, no previous study has evaluated the users performance in manipulating smart objects under different environmental complexities. This article presents an experimental comparison between three different selection techniques 3-D, 2-D, and physical user interfaces (UIs). We evaluate these techniques across two levels of environment complexity measuring 51 participants timing data and errors. Our results indicate that the 3-D UI is superior for task completion time and error, and the 2-D UI is not a better solution than the physical UI when the environment is not complex. The results also show the importance of considering the environment complexity in choosing the proper UI.

中文翻译：

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房间复杂度对 3D 移动用户界面中物理对象选择性能的影响

智能环境中的一个重要挑战是如何操纵智能对象。尽管移动应用程序通常用于控制智能环境，但之前没有研究评估用户在不同环境复杂性下操纵智能对象的性能。本文介绍了三种不同选择技术 3-D、2-D 和物理用户界面 (UI) 之间的实验比较。我们在测量 51 个参与者计时数据和错误的两个环境复杂性级别上评估这些技术。我们的结果表明，3-D UI 在任务完成时间和错误方面更胜一筹，当环境不复杂时，2-D UI 并不是比物理 UI 更好的解决方案。结果还表明在选择合适的 UI 时考虑环境复杂性的重要性。