This work presents and discusses the results of multi-year measurements of air toxics concentrations from different sites of Venice Lagoon. The aim of the study is the characterization of the air quality of the area, in terms of PM10, PM10-bound metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations, even with the individuation of the related inhalation risk and the identification of the main contaminants’ sources. The study moreover provides an important multi-years trend of chemical characterization of the Venice Lagoon. Sampling for PM10 and its metal content was carried out between 2010 and 2015, using low volume sequential aerosol samplers; V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, and Pb were measured by ICP-MS. Samples for PAHs concentration in gas and particle phases were collected from 2010 to 2014, using a high-volume air sampler that allows to sample both phases simultaneously. Samples for PAHs determinations were analyzed by GC-HRMS. Concentrations of air toxics have been studied with the use of enrichment factor, the coefficient of divergence, and the Mann-Kendal test, to individuate eventual local divergences, seasonal and other temporal trends. The inhalation risk assessment has been achieved by the calculation of the cumulative incremental carcinogenic risk for all the air toxics analyzed. The sources’ identification and impact evaluation have been carried out using the atmospheric vanadium concentration, to calculate the primary contribution of ship traffic to PM10, the Positive Matrix Factorization, and the Diagnostic Ratios, with the aim of evaluating the impact of construction activities of M.o.S.E, (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico-Electromechanical Experimental Module) as well as of ship traffic and other possible air toxics’ sources. Temporal trends indicate a slight decrease of PAHs and PM10 and of its content of Pb, Zn, Sb. Sharp increases of As and Cd during 2014 and 2015 may be due to local sources like emissions from the construction yard, ship, and road traffic. The cumulative incremental carcinogenic risk was below the unconditionally acceptable risk; Co and As are the most important contributors among metals, followed by Cd and Ni while the PAH congeners that most contribute to the carcinogenic risk were benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(A,H)anthracene.

中文翻译：

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威尼斯泻湖中空气毒物的多年浓度、健康风险和来源识别

这项工作介绍并讨论了对威尼斯泻湖不同地点的空气有毒物质浓度进行多年测量的结果。该研究的目的是根据 PM10、PM10 结合金属和多环芳烃 (PAH) 浓度来表征该地区的空气质量，即使相关吸入风险的个体化和主要污染物的来源。此外，该研究还提供了威尼斯泻湖化学特征的重要多年趋势。PM10 及其金属含量的采样是在 2010 年至 2015 年间使用小体积连续气溶胶采样器进行的；V、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Tl 和 Pb 通过 ICP-MS 进行测量。从 2010 年到 2014 年收集了气相和颗粒相中 PAHs 浓度的样本，使用允许同时对两个相进行采样的大容量空气采样器。多环芳烃测定样品通过 GC-HRMS 进行分析。已经使用富集因子、散度系数和 Mann-Kendal 检验研究了空气中有毒物质的浓度，以区分最终的局部差异、季节性和其他时间趋势。吸入风险评估是通过计算所有分析的空气毒物的累积增量致癌风险来实现的。使用大气钒浓度进行来源识别和影响评估，计算船舶交通对 PM10 的主要贡献、正矩阵分解和诊断比率，目的是评估 MoSE 建设活动的影响, （Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico-机电实验模块）以及船舶交通和其他可能的空气毒物来源。时间趋势表明 PAHs 和 PM10 及其 Pb、Zn、Sb 含量略有下降。2014 年和 2015 年期间 As 和 Cd 的急剧增加可能是由于本地来源，如建筑场地、船舶和道路交通的排放。累积增量致癌风险低于无条件可接受的风险；Co和As是金属中最重要的贡献者，其次是Cd和Ni，而导致致癌风险最大的PAH同系物是苯并（a）芘和二苯并（A，H）蒽。时间趋势表明 PAHs 和 PM10 及其 Pb、Zn、Sb 含量略有下降。2014 年和 2015 年期间 As 和 Cd 的急剧增加可能是由于本地来源，如建筑场地、船舶和道路交通的排放。累积增量致癌风险低于无条件可接受的风险；Co和As是金属中最重要的贡献者，其次是Cd和Ni，而导致致癌风险最大的PAH同系物是苯并（a）芘和二苯并（A，H）蒽。时间趋势表明 PAHs 和 PM10 及其 Pb、Zn、Sb 含量略有下降。2014 年和 2015 年期间 As 和 Cd 的急剧增加可能是由于本地来源，如建筑场地、船舶和道路交通的排放。累积增量致癌风险低于无条件可接受的风险；Co和As是金属中最重要的贡献者，其次是Cd和Ni，而导致致癌风险最大的PAH同系物是苯并（a）芘和二苯并（A，H）蒽。