Nowadays, accessibility to facilities is one of the most discussed issues in sustainable urban planning. In the current research, two spatial distance accessibility measures were applied to evaluate the accessibility to amenities, services, and facilities (ASFs) from public transit (PT) by walking distance in six Indian cities. The first stage accounts for distance measures using the Euclidean distance with a new methodical approach derived from the built-up area with a spatial resolution of 30 m from Landsat data, and for the network distance method, the actual road distances using OpenStreetMap (OSM) for different threshold ranges of distances were derived. Meanwhile, in the second stage, indicators such as built-up area, network connectivity, and network density with the percentage of ASFs are evaluated and combined for normalization process for ranking the city. The present study assesses the accessibility to various ASFs from PT at city level and explores whether the actual road network access (by measuring distance) in Indian cities is contributing to a high level of accessibility. It adopts a unique approach using statistical tools while assessing both Euclidean and network distances. It models a framework for overall benchmarking in all six cities by ranking them for their accessibility. The results show various scenarios in terms of the rank of cities, which had been strongly affected by distance metrics (Euclidean vs. network) and thus emphasize the careful use of these measures as supporting tools for planning. This facilitates the identification of the local barriers and problems with network access that affect the actual distance. This unique approach can help policymakers to identify the gaps in PT coverage for reaching ASFs. Furthermore, it helps in crucial implementation by strategic planning that can be achieved using these distance criteria.

中文翻译：

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使用空间距离量度法测量印度城市公共交通对各种ASF的可及性

如今，设施的可及性已成为可持续城市规划中讨论最多的问题之一。在当前的研究中，应用了两个空间距离可及性度量，以通过步行在印度六个城市中的步行距离来评估公共交通（PT）对设施，服务和设施（ASF）的可及性。第一个阶段使用欧几里得距离的距离度量方法，该方法是从Landsat数据中提取具有30 m空间分辨率的建筑区域的新方法方法，而对于网络距离方法，则使用OpenStreetMap（OSM）来计算实际道路距离得出不同距离的阈值范围。同时，在第二阶段，指标包括建成区，网络连接，对网络密度和ASF的百分比进行评估，并将其合并以进行标准化处理，从而对城市进行排名。本研究评估了城市层面从PT到各种ASF的可及性，并探讨了印度城市的实际道路网络可及性（通过测量距离）是否对高可及性做出了贡献。它采用独特的方法使用统计工具，同时评估欧几里得距离和网络距离。通过对所有六个城市的可访问性进行排名，它为所有基准城市的总体基准测试建立了框架。结果显示了各种城市等级情景，这些情景受到距离度量（欧几里得与网络）的强烈影响，因此强调应谨慎使用这些度量作为规划的辅助工具。这有助于识别局部障碍和影响实际距离的网络访问问题。这种独特的方法可以帮助政策制定者确定PT覆盖范围以达到ASF。此外，它还可以通过战略规划帮助关键实施，而战略规划可以使用这些距离标准来实现。