It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan‐conserved motifs. Significant advances have been made from efforts that characterize their upstream activators, assembly of signaling complexes, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Disruption in NOD1 and NOD2 signaling has also been associated with impaired host defense and resistance to the development of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 sense microbes and cellular stress to regulate host responses that can affect disease pathogenesis and outcomes.

中文翻译：

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NOD1 和 NOD2 在炎症和感染性疾病中的应用。

人们早就认识到 NOD1 和 NOD2 是宿主免疫反应的关键参与者，主要是通过它们感知细菌肽聚糖保守基序。从表征其上游激活剂、信号复合物的组装和下游信号通路激活的努力中取得了重大进展。NOD1和NOD2信号的中断也与宿主防御受损和对炎症性疾病发展的抵抗力有关。在这篇综述中，我们将描述 NOD1 和 NOD2 如何感知微生物和细胞应激来调节可能影响疾病发病机制和结果的宿主反应。