The present study examined the occurrence and concentration of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) measured in game ducks (13 compounds), water, sediment, and soils (33 compounds) in waterways in Victoria, Australia. The study aimed to identify potential ecological and human health risks from measured PFAS concentrations. Four species of duck and samples of water, sediment, and soil were collected from 19 wetlands, which were chosen based on their popularity as hunting locations. The risks posed by 3 PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS], and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid [PFOS]) to the environment and human health were assessed using available national ecological and human health guidelines. A diverse range of short‐ and long‐chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids were found in the environment and in ducks. Concentrations were generally low and varied between wetlands, duck species, tissue analyzed (breast or liver), and environmental compartment (water, sediment, soil). Higher PFOS concentrations in water and sediments were observed at wetlands near sources of contamination (i.e., a defense base or urban environment). Elevated PFOS and PFOS + PFHxS concentrations in ducks were observed near local point sources but also at wetlands with no known point sources of contamination. There were clear differences in PFAS concentrations detected in duck tissues versus the environment, highlighting complexities of bioaccumulation, movement of animals, and spatiotemporal variation and raising questions about the relevance of using abiotic criteria to assess risk to biota. Human health risk assessment showed that only ducks inhabiting wetlands near local sources of PFAS were likely to pose a risk to consumers. Further studies are required to improve our knowledge of PFAS toxicokinetics and chronic impacts in biota to guide management decisions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:846–858. © 2020 SETAC

中文翻译：

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鸭子中的全氟和多氟烷基物质及其与水、沉积物和土壤中浓度的关系

本研究调查了在澳大利亚维多利亚州水道的野鸭（13 种化合物）、水、沉积物和土壤（33 种化合物）中测得的全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 的出现和浓度。该研究旨在从测量的 PFAS 浓度中确定潜在的生态和人类健康风险。从 19 个湿地中收集了四种鸭子以及水、沉积物和土壤的样本，这些湿地是根据它们作为狩猎地点的受欢迎程度而选择的。使用现有的国家生态和人类健康指南评估了 3 种 PFAS（全氟辛酸、全氟己烷磺酸 [PFHxS] 和全氟辛烷磺酸 [PFOS]）对环境和人类健康构成的风险。在环境和鸭子中发现了多种短链和长链羧酸和磺酸。湿地、鸭种、组织分析（胸部或肝脏）和环境区室（水、沉积物、土壤）之间的浓度通常较低且各不相同。在靠近污染源（即防御基地或城市环境）的湿地中，观察到水和沉积物中的全氟辛烷磺酸浓度较高。在当地点源附近以及在没有已知点污染源的湿地中观察到鸭子中 PFOS 和 PFOS + PFHxS 浓度升高。在鸭组织中检测到的 PFAS 浓度与环境存在明显差异，突出了生物积累、动物运动和时空变化的复杂性，并提出了关于使用非生物标准评估生物群风险的相关性的问题。人类健康风险评估表明，只有栖息在 PFAS 当地来源附近湿地的鸭子才可能对消费者构成风险。需要进一步研究以提高我们对 PFAS 毒代动力学和生物群慢性影响的了解，以指导管理决策。环境毒理学化学2021；40：846-858。© 2020 SETAC