Qatar is hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In the field of sports architecture, this is a challenging case study for new design solutions that guarantee the comfort and safety of occupants in such a hot and humid climate. This work analyzes the thermal comfort of a stadium designed for international competitions in Doha, Qatar. The stadium has a total capacity of 47,000 spectators. An external façade protects the occupants from exposure to wind and sunlight, and fresh air and daylight enter the stadium through a semi-open roof. An air conditioning system controls the temperature and humidity on each stadium tier and on the football pitch. Air nozzles in the upper tiers exploit the buoyancy effect for the distribution of cool air, thereby saving energy. A steady-state, multi-region conjugate heat transfer model simulates the interaction between the building and environment using computational fluid dynamics. Six simulations are performed to investigate the thermal comfort in the stadium for different climatic conditions and duty cycles of the air conditioning system. All simulations measure the thermal sensation in the stadium's sectors based on the predicted mean vote and percentage of persons dissatisfied. They also assess the wet-bulb global temperature (WBGT) on the football pitch for the safety of the players, as required by FIFA guidelines. The results reveal that, for an external temperature of up to 48 ^°C and relative humidity of 70%, the air conditioning system guarantees a sensation of thermal neutrality, and the WBGT remains within the safety limit. When the cooling load is reduced by approximately 50%, most of the stadium's zones maintain thermal neutrality, and the risk of thermal stress to the players remains acceptable. Our research findings identify the conditions necessary to ensure a neutral thermal sensation in semi-open sport architectures, even in an extreme climate with high risk of thermal stress for the occupants.

卡塔尔将举办2022年FIFA世界杯。在体育建筑领域，这是一项具有挑战性的案例研究，涉及新的设计解决方案，这些解决方案可确保在如此炎热潮湿的气候中乘员的舒适性和安全性。这项工作分析了为卡塔尔多哈国际比赛而设计的体育场的热舒适性。该体育场可容纳47,000名观众。外部立面可保护乘员免受风和日光的照射，新鲜空气和日光通过半开放式屋顶进入体育场。空调系统控制每个体育场层和足球场上的温度和湿度。上层的空气喷嘴利用浮力作用分配冷空气，从而节省能源。稳定状态 多区域共轭传热模型使用计算流体力学来模拟建筑物与环境之间的相互作用。进行了六次模拟，以调查体育场馆在不同气候条件和空调系统占空比下的热舒适性。所有模拟都基于预测的平均投票和不满意人数的百分比来测量体育场区域的热感。他们还根据FIFA指南评估足球场上的湿球全球温度（WBGT），以确保球员的安全。结果表明，在高达48°C的外部温度下 进行了六次模拟，以调查体育场馆在不同气候条件和空调系统占空比下的热舒适性。所有模拟都基于预测的平均投票和不满意人数的百分比来测量体育场区域的热感。他们还根据FIFA指南评估足球场上的湿球全球温度（WBGT），以确保球员的安全。结果表明，在高达48°C的外部温度下 进行了六次模拟，以调查体育场馆在不同气候条件和空调系统占空比下的热舒适性。所有模拟都基于预测的平均投票和不满意人数的百分比来测量体育场区域的热感。他们还根据FIFA指南评估足球场上的湿球全球温度（WBGT），以确保球员的安全。结果表明，在高达48°C的外部温度下 温度为70 ^° C，相对湿度为70％，空调系统可确保产生热中性感，WBGT仍在安全范围内。当冷却负荷减少约50％时，体育场的大多数区域都保持热中性，并且对运动员造成热应力的风险仍然可以接受。我们的研究发现确定了在半开放式运动建筑中确保中立的热感所必需的条件，即使在极端的气候条件下，乘员的热应力风险很高。