Abstract The adaptive potential and genetic background of tree species will determine their performance and vitality under changing climate conditions. How environment and genotype influence secondary growth and their climate sensitivity in boreal and temperate conifers has been fairly studied. Provenance studies assessing the genetic variation in plasticity of radial growth, however, are scarce in Mediterranean tree species. We explored the impact of climate on tree-ring growth in Pinus pinaster based on plantation sites and genetic background. We assessed the climate sensitivity, plastic response of growth, and intraspecific genetic differentiation of pines from 10 provenances planted in two trials in south-central Spain. Trees from areas with a climate similar to that of the planting sites showed greater growth rates. Higher within-site than among-site similitude in inter-annual growth variation was evidenced by similar growth patterns in each trial test, irrespective of seed provenance. We found positive growth responses to mild conditions in late winter, and to wet and cloudy conditions in spring and early summer. Greater site-dependent than genetically-driven control was observed on growth sensitivity to climate. Central Spanish seed sources were better able to withstand the combination of stressful environmental conditions in the test sites. Inter-site environmental variation was the factor that explained a higher number of growth responses to climate variation. The significant “genetic × environment” interaction on radial growth suggested that genotypic determinants were strongly modulated by plastic adaptations due to local conditions. The site-dependent relationships of provenance climate responses with the conditions at origin also reflected the prevailing local adaptation to site constraints. Since plastic response of P. pinaster trees to local environment has more influence than its genetic predisposition, assessing the spatio-temporal variation of growth sensitivity to climate becomes increasingly important.

中文翻译：

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立地条件对松树次生生长和气候敏感性的调节作用大于遗传分化的控制

摘要 树种的适应潜力和遗传背景将决定其在不断变化的气候条件下的表现和生命力。环境和基因型如何影响北方和温带针叶树的次生生长及其气候敏感性已经得到了相当的研究。然而，评估径向生长可塑性的遗传变异的来源研究在地中海树种中很少见。我们根据种植地点和遗传背景探索了气候对松树年轮生长的影响。我们评估了在西班牙中南部进行的两次试验中种植的 10 种松树的气候敏感性、生长的可塑性反应和种内遗传分化。来自气候与种植地点相似的地区的树木显示出更高的增长率。无论种子来源如何，每个试验测试中的相似生长模式都证明了年际生长变化的站点内相似性高于站点间相似性。我们发现对冬末温和条件以及春季和初夏潮湿和多云条件的积极生长反应。在生长对气候的敏感性方面观察到比遗传驱动控制更大的场地依赖性。西班牙中部的种子来源能够更好地承受测试地点的压力环境条件的组合。站点间环境变化是解释更多生长对气候变化响应的因素。径向生长中显着的“遗传×环境”相互作用表明，由于当地条件，基因型决定因素受到塑性适应性的强烈调节。原产地气候响应与原产地条件的场地相关关系也反映了当地对场地限制的普遍适应。由于松树对当地环境的塑性反应比其遗传易感性的影响更大，因此评估生长对气候敏感性的时空变化变得越来越重要。