Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of global mortality, accounting for pathologies that are primarily of atherosclerotic origin and driven by specific cell populations. A need exists for effective, non-invasive methods to assess the risk of potentially fatal major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) before occurrence and to monitor post-interventional outcomes such as tissue regeneration. Molecular imaging has widespread applications in CVD diagnostic assessment, through modalities including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and acoustic imaging methods. However, current gold-standard small molecule contrast agents are not cell-specific, relying on non-specific uptake to facilitate imaging of biologic processes. Nanomaterials can be engineered for targeted delivery to specific cell populations, and several nanomaterial systems have been developed for pre-clinical molecular imaging. Here, we review recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated approaches for imaging of cellular processes in cardiovascular disease, focusing on efforts to detect inflammation, assess lipid accumulation, and monitor tissue regeneration.

心血管疾病（CVD）是全球死亡的主要原因，其病理主要由动脉粥样硬化引起并由特定细胞群驱动。需要有效的、非侵入性的方法来在发生之前评估潜在致命的主要不良心血管事件（MACE）的风险，并监测干预后的结果，例如组织再生。分子成像通过磁共振成像 (MRI)、正电子发射断层扫描 (PET) 和声学成像方法等方式在 CVD 诊断评估中具有广泛的应用。然而，目前的金标准小分子造影剂不是细胞特异性的，依靠非特异性摄取来促进生物过程的成像。纳米材料可以被设计为有针对性地输送到特定的细胞群，并且已经开发了几种用于临床前分子成像的纳米材料系统。在这里，我们回顾了纳米颗粒介导的心血管疾病细胞过程成像方法的最新进展，重点关注检测炎症、评估脂质积累和监测组织再生的努力。