Ulvans represent one of the most abundant marine-derived macromolecular sulfated polysaccharides accounting for numerous biological applications including in one of the fastest growing field of biomedical sciences. Tissue engineering based on biologically inspired and naturally derived polymers has been one of the prime focuses of regenerative medicine. The present investigation is intended to explore an ionic cross-linking approach at higher pH lead by the calcium ions for casting cell growth promoting scaffolds out of the raw ulvan. The characterization studies using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy represent specific absorptions at 2950, 980, and 600 cm−1, whereas the x-ray diffraction showed a total absence of major crystalline peaks presenting significant shift to an amorphous state. The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study revealed functional group modifications in the backbone that might be potentially derived from calcium interactions with glucurorhamnose 3-sulfate and iduronorhamnose 3-sulfate. The atomic force microscopy together with field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy mapping revealed the resultant surface changes, whereas confocal microscopy z-stacking showed the cell proliferative activity as evident by the attainment of complete morphology. The combined chemical and biological response of the scaffold makes it a well suitable support for its cell culture and tissue engineering applications.

中文翻译：

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一种用于制造可持续多孔 ulvan 支架的简便化学交联方法

Ulvans 是最丰富的海洋衍生大分子硫酸化多糖之一，可用于众多生物应用，包括在生物医学科学发展最快的领域之一。基于生物启发和天然衍生聚合物的组织工程一直是再生医学的主要焦点之一。本研究旨在探索一种在较高 pH 值下由钙离子引导的离子交联方法，用于从原始 ulvan 中铸造细胞生长促进支架。使用衰减全反射红外光谱进行的表征研究代表了 2950、980 和 600 cm-1 处的特定吸收，而 X 射线衍射显示完全没有主要结晶峰，呈现显着转变为无定形状态。1H 核磁共振研究揭示了主链中的官能团修饰，这可能源自钙与 glucurorhamnose 3-sulfate 和 iduronorhamnose 3-sulfate 的相互作用。原子力显微镜连同场发射扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线光谱图揭示了由此产生的表面变化，而共聚焦显微镜 z 堆叠显示细胞增殖活性，如获得完整形态所证明的那样。支架的化学和生物反应相结合，使其非常适合支持其细胞培养和组织工程应用。原子力显微镜连同场发射扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线光谱图揭示了由此产生的表面变化，而共聚焦显微镜 z 堆叠显示细胞增殖活性，如获得完整形态所证明的那样。支架的化学和生物反应相结合，使其非常适合支持其细胞培养和组织工程应用。原子力显微镜连同场发射扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线光谱图揭示了由此产生的表面变化，而共聚焦显微镜 z 堆叠显示细胞增殖活性，如获得完整形态所证明的那样。支架的化学和生物反应相结合，使其非常适合支持其细胞培养和组织工程应用。