In recent years, the technological innovation network of major engineering projects has developed rapidly in China. However, there are still some problems in the technological innovation network of major engineering projects, such as unclear responsibilities and rights among innovation subjects, and poor information communication, which make the technological innovation network of major engineering projects present low safety. The technological innovation network of major engineering projects is an alliance, and the dual governance consisting of formal contract governance and relational contract governance is an effective way to solve the alliance problem. Due to the transaction cost theory and relationship contract theory, identify the influencing factors of dual governance on the vulnerability of technological innovation network of major engineering projects through literature analysis. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the fragility of dual governance to the technological innovation network of major engineering projects. First, according to the transaction cost theory and relationship contract theory, the paper identifies the influencing factors of dual governance on the vulnerability of technological innovation network of major engineering projects. Then, using the complex network theory, a network model of influencing factors of technological innovation network vulnerability for major engineering projects is constructed, and MATLAB is used to simulate and analyze its vulnerability. The results are compared with the relevant network topology parameters, and finally the recommendations for reducing vulnerability are proposed. The findings provide a certain reference value for management and decision-making in the process of technological innovation of major engineering projects.