We model power grids as graphs with heavy-tailed sinks, which represent demand from cities, and study cascading failures on such graphs. Our analysis links the scale-free nature of blackout sizes to the scale-free nature of city sizes, contrasting previous studies suggesting that this nature is governed by self-organized criticality. Our results are based on a new mathematical framework combining the physics of power flow with rare event analysis for heavy-tailed distributions, and are validated using various synthetic networks and the German transmission grid.

中文翻译：

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电网中无标度停电规模的出现

我们将电网建模为带有重尾汇的图，代表城市的需求，并研究此类图上的级联故障。我们的分析将停电规模的无标度性质与城市规模的无标度性质联系起来，对比先前的研究表明这种性质受自组织临界性支配。我们的结果基于新的数学框架，将潮流物理学与重尾分布的罕见事件分析相结合，并使用各种合成网络和德国输电网进行了验证。