Some bird species often benefit farmers by suppressing invertebrate crop pests, yet birds are rarely considered in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. This is likely because some bird species pose risks to farmers through crop damage, intraguild predation, and food safety concerns. Nonetheless, the benefits of some bird species on crop production are often substantial. Therefore, understanding when birds are most likely to enhance crop production (and when they are most likely to depress it) is crucial for designing effective IPM strategies. Here, we briefly review the literature on birds in agricultural systems, discuss examples of how birds can provide services and disservices to crops, examine factors that influence the net effects of birds, and discuss emerging tools that will help fill key knowledge gaps surrounding the complex roles of birds in agricultural systems.

中文翻译：

---

好的、坏的和有风险的：鸟类可以作为生物控制剂纳入虫害综合管理计划吗？

一些鸟类通常通过抑制无脊椎作物害虫使农民受益，但在综合害虫管理 (IPM) 策略中很少考虑鸟类。这可能是因为一些鸟类通过作物损害、公会内部捕食和食品安全问题给农民带来风险。尽管如此，一些鸟类对作物生产的好处往往是巨大的。因此，了解鸟类何时最有可能提高作物产量（以及它们何时最有可能抑制作物产量）对于设计有效的 IPM 策略至关重要。在这里，我们简要回顾了有关农业系统中鸟类的文献，讨论了鸟类如何为作物提供服务和损害的例子，研究了影响鸟类净效应的因素，