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Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia
ACS Earth and Space Chemistry ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-14 , DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00103 Nor Fathiah Alias 1 , Md Firoz Khan 1, 2 , Nor Asrina Sairi 1 , Sharifuddin Md Zain 1 , Hamidah Suradi 1 , Haasyimah Ab Rahim 1 , Tirthankar Banerjee 3, 4 , Md. Aynul Bari 5 , Murnira Othman 6 , Mohd Talib Latif 7
ACS Earth and Space Chemistry ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-14 , DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00103 Nor Fathiah Alias 1 , Md Firoz Khan 1, 2 , Nor Asrina Sairi 1 , Sharifuddin Md Zain 1 , Hamidah Suradi 1 , Haasyimah Ab Rahim 1 , Tirthankar Banerjee 3, 4 , Md. Aynul Bari 5 , Murnira Othman 6 , Mohd Talib Latif 7
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Exposure to fine particulate-bound toxic metals in ambient air poses adverse effects to human. This study aims to determine the spatial variability in heavy metals in PM2.5 samples, for identifying their potential sources and to perform health risk modelling. PM2.5 samples were collected using a high-volume sampler on a 24 h basis from three sites in Johor areas in Malaysia from January to March 2019. Metals were initially extracted using microwave-assisted digestion and the metal concentrations were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Overall, the abundant metals in PM2.5 among the metals analyzed were Zn with mean 29.92 ng/m3 and Se with mean 27.02 ng/m3. The sources of PM-bound metals were identified using absolute principal component score with multiple linear regression. The major contribution was noted from vehicle emission (41%). Other potential sources for the metals in PM2.5 were from coal-fired power plants (34%) and oil refineries and industrial emission (4%), leaving 22% of metals undefined. From the health risk analysis, the hazard quotient (HQ) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) values of the metals were within the tolerance level. The trend for HQ values was Co < Zn < Pb < Cu < Ni < As for adolescents and Co < Zn < Cu < Pb < Ni < As for adult age, whereas for ELCR values, the trends were the same for both adolescent and adult age groups as Pb < Ni < As. Few of the toxic metals showed comparatively high HQ values that might be a risk in long-term exposure. Considering the highest noted contribution from vehicular emissions, it is advised to raise public awareness to practice carpooling and use public transportation to reduce emissions from vehicular sources.
中文翻译：
马来西亚南部PM 2.5中重金属的特征，排放源和危险因素
暴露于环境空气中与细颗粒结合的有毒金属会对人体造成不利影响。这项研究旨在确定PM 2.5样品中重金属的空间变异性，以识别其潜在来源并进行健康风险建模。从2019年1月至2019年3月，在马来西亚柔佛州的三个地点使用大容量采样器在24小时内采集了PM 2.5样品。最初使用微波辅助消解提取金属，并使用电感耦合等离子体质量分析金属浓度光谱学。总体而言，分析的金属中PM 2.5中的丰富金属为Zn，平均含量为29.92 ng / m 3，Se含量平均为27.02 ng / m 3。使用绝对主成分评分和多元线性回归来确定与PM结合的金属的来源。主要的贡献来自车辆排放（41％）。PM 2.5中金属的其他潜在来源来自燃煤发电厂（34％），炼油厂和工业排放物（4％），剩下22％的金属不确定。从健康风险分析来看，金属的风险商（HQ）和终生癌症风险（ELCR）值均在公差范围内。成人的HQ值趋势为Co <Zn <Pb <Cu <Ni <成年人，成人的Co <Zn <Cu <Pb <Ni <成年人，而ELCR值的趋势在青少年和成年人中均相同Pb <Ni <As。很少有毒金属显示出较高的HQ值，这可能是长期暴露的风险。考虑到车辆排放的最大贡献，建议提高公众意识，以拼车和利用公共交通减少车辆排放。
更新日期：2020-08-20
中文翻译：
马来西亚南部PM 2.5中重金属的特征，排放源和危险因素
暴露于环境空气中与细颗粒结合的有毒金属会对人体造成不利影响。这项研究旨在确定PM 2.5样品中重金属的空间变异性，以识别其潜在来源并进行健康风险建模。从2019年1月至2019年3月，在马来西亚柔佛州的三个地点使用大容量采样器在24小时内采集了PM 2.5样品。最初使用微波辅助消解提取金属，并使用电感耦合等离子体质量分析金属浓度光谱学。总体而言，分析的金属中PM 2.5中的丰富金属为Zn，平均含量为29.92 ng / m 3，Se含量平均为27.02 ng / m 3。使用绝对主成分评分和多元线性回归来确定与PM结合的金属的来源。主要的贡献来自车辆排放（41％）。PM 2.5中金属的其他潜在来源来自燃煤发电厂（34％），炼油厂和工业排放物（4％），剩下22％的金属不确定。从健康风险分析来看，金属的风险商（HQ）和终生癌症风险（ELCR）值均在公差范围内。成人的HQ值趋势为Co <Zn <Pb <Cu <Ni <成年人，成人的Co <Zn <Cu <Pb <Ni <成年人，而ELCR值的趋势在青少年和成年人中均相同Pb <Ni <As。很少有毒金属显示出较高的HQ值，这可能是长期暴露的风险。考虑到车辆排放的最大贡献，建议提高公众意识，以拼车和利用公共交通减少车辆排放。
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