According to the World Health Organization, neurological and neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating and pose the greatest threats to public health. Diseases of the nervous system are caused by a particular pathological process that negatively affects the central and peripheral nervous systems. These diseases also lead to the loss of neuronal cell function, which causes alterations in the nervous system structure, resulting in the degeneration or death of nerve cells throughout the body. This causes problems with movement (ataxia) and mental dysfunction (dementia), both of which are commonly observed symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Medicinal mushrooms are higher fungi with nutraceutical properties and are low in calories and fat. They are also a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, and vitamins that have been used in the treatment of many ailments. Medicinal mushrooms such as Pleurotus giganteus, Ganoderma lucidium, and Hericium erinaceus are commonly produced worldwide for use as health supplements and medicine. Medicinal mushrooms and their extracts have a large number of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharide β-glucan, or polysaccharide-protein complexes, like lectins, lactones, terpenoids, alkaloids, antibiotics, and metal-chelating agents. This review will focus on the role of the medicinal properties of different medicinal mushrooms that contain bioactive compounds with a protective effect against neuronal dysfunction. This information will facilitate the development of drugs against neurodegenerative diseases.

中文翻译：

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药用蘑菇衍生的生物活性化合物的机制回顾：缓解神经系统疾病的潜在真菌疗法

据世界卫生组织称，神经系统和神经退行性疾病是高度衰弱的疾病，对公众健康构成最大威胁。神经系统疾病是由对中枢和外周神经系统产生负面影响的特定病理过程引起的。这些疾病还会导致神经元细胞功能的丧失，从而引起神经系统结构的改变，导致全身神经细胞的退化或死亡。这会导致运动问题（共济失调）和精神功能障碍（痴呆症），这两者都是阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病和多发性硬化症中常见的症状。药用蘑菇是具有营养特性的高等真菌，热量和脂肪含量低。它们也是营养物质和生物活性化合物（如碳水化合物、蛋白质、纤维和维生素）的丰富来源，这些化合物已被用于治疗许多疾病。灵芝、灵芝和猴头菇等药用蘑菇在世界范围内普遍生产，用作保健品和药物。药用蘑菇及其提取物含有大量生物活性化合物，如多糖β-葡聚糖，或多糖-蛋白质复合物，如凝集素、内酯、萜类、生物碱、抗生素和金属螯合剂。本综述将重点介绍不同药用蘑菇的药用特性，这些蘑菇含有对神经元功能障碍具有保护作用的生物活性化合物。