Natural influenza virus infections and seasonal vaccinations often do not confer broadly neutralizing immunity across diverse influenza strains. In addition, the virus is capable of rapid antigenic drift in order to evade pre‐existing immunity. The surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin, and neuraminidase can easily mutate their immunodominant epitopes without impacting fitness. Skewing human antibody repertoires to target more conserved epitopes is thus an expanding area of research: Many groups are attempting to produce universal influenza vaccines that can protect across a wide variety of strains. Achieving this goal will require a detailed understanding of how infection history impacts humoral responses. It will also require the ability to manipulate or enhance B cell selection in order to expand clones that can recognize subdominant but protective epitopes. In this review, we will discuss what immune imprinting means to immunologists and describe efforts to overcome or silence imprinting in order to improve vaccination efficiency.

中文翻译：

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印记、免疫优势和产生广泛流感免疫力的其他障碍。


自然流感病毒感染和季节性疫苗接种通常不会对不同流感毒株产生广泛的中和免疫力。此外，该病毒能够快速抗原漂移，以逃避预先存在的免疫力。表面糖蛋白、血凝素和神经氨酸酶可以轻松突变其免疫显性表位，而不影响健康。因此，将人类抗体库转向更保守的表位是一个不断扩大的研究领域：许多团体正在尝试生产可以保护多种毒株的通用流感疫苗。实现这一目标需要详细了解感染史如何影响体液反应。它还需要能够操纵或增强 B 细胞选择，以扩展能够识别次优势但保护性表位的克隆。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论免疫印记对免疫学家意味着什么，并描述克服或沉默印记以提高疫苗接种效率的努力。