Among species, coexistence is driven partly by the partitioning of available resources. The mechanisms of coexistence and competition among species have been a central topic within community ecology, with particular focus on mammalian carnivore community research. However, despite growing concern regarding the impact of humans on the behaviour of species, very little is known about the effect of humans on species interactions. The aim of this review is to establish a comprehensive framework for the impacts of human disturbance on three dimensions (spatial, temporal and trophic) of niche partitioning within carnivore communities and subsequent effects on both intraguild competition and community structure. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on carnivore niche partitioning (246 studies) and extracted 46 reported effects of human disturbance. We found evidence that human disturbance impacts resource partitioning, either positively or negatively, in all three niche dimensions. The repercussions of such variations are highly heterogeneous and differ according to both the type of human disturbance and how the landscape and/or availability of resources are affected. We propose a theoretical framework of the three main outcomes for the impacts of human disturbance on intraguild competition and carnivore community structure: (i) human disturbance impedes niche partitioning, increasing intraguild competition and reducing the richness and diversity of the community; (ii) human disturbance unbalances niche partitioning and intraguild competition, affecting community stability; and (iii) human disturbance facilitates niche partitioning, decreasing intraguild competition and enriching the community. We call for better integration of the impact of humans on carnivore communities in future research on interspecific competition.

中文翻译：

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人为干扰对食肉动物群落内的生态位划分有不同的影响

物种之间的共存部分是由可用资源的划分驱动的。物种间的共存和竞争机制一直是群落生态学的中心话题，特别关注哺乳动物食肉动物群落研究。然而，尽管人们越来越关注人类对物种行为的影响，但人们对人类对物种相互作用的影响知之甚少。本综述的目的是为人类干扰对食肉动物群落内生态位划分的三个维度（空间、时间和营养）的影响以及随后对行内竞争和群落结构的影响建立一个综合框架。我们对有关食肉动物生态位划分的文献（246 项研究）进行了系统回顾，并提取了 46 项报告的人类干扰影响。我们发现证据表明，人为干扰在所有三个生态位维度上都会对资源分配产生积极或消极的影响。这种变化的影响是高度异质的，并且根据人类干扰的类型以及景观和/或资源的可用性如何受到影响而有所不同。我们提出了人类干扰对群内竞争和食肉动物群落结构影响的三个主要结果的理论框架：（i）人类干扰阻碍生态位划分，增加群内竞争并减少群落的丰富性和多样性；(ii) 人为干扰使生态位划分和行业内竞争失衡，影响社区稳定性；(iii) 人为干扰促进生态位划分，减少行内竞争并丰富社区。我们呼吁在未来的种间竞争研究中更好地整合人类对食肉动物群落的影响。