Abstract The collisions of space debris, whether human-origin or natural, and spacecraft are essentially hypervelocity impacts. Such collisions pose a serious threat to satellites and spacecraft. While multiple studies, both theoretical and experimental, have dealt with such collisions, none has thoroughly considered the effect of the target's motion during penetration. This results in a different type of collision, beyond normal or oblique penetration, referred to as glancing collision in this work. This paper studies numerically the effects of such glancing collisions, in which the speeds of both participants are of the same order of magnitude, and not collinear. As an example a simulation of a collision between a projectile moving at 2-10 km/s and a finite target plate moving at 10 km/s laterally, both made of 6061-T6 alloy, also compared to experimental data. The resulting damage is compared to that caused by normal, including comparison with existing experimental data, as well as oblique impact by projectiles at the same velocities where the target is stationary. Two types of projectiles were considered: a sphere and a short cylinder having a hemispherical head. The investigation reveals that glancing collisions result in vastly different craters’ shapes and damage patterns with respect to normal collisions. The craters become shallower and more elongated and the damage is not axisymmetric. While the glancing collision is similar to oblique collision for spherical projectiles, it becomes vastly different for elongated non-spherical projectiles.

中文翻译：

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超高速掠射碰撞中目标速度对损伤模式的影响

摘要 空间碎片，无论是人为的还是自然的，与航天器的碰撞本质上都是超高速撞击。这种碰撞对卫星和航天器构成严重威胁。虽然多项研究，包括理论和实验，都处理过这种碰撞，但都没有彻底考虑穿透过程中目标运动的影响。这会导致不同类型的碰撞，超出正常或斜向穿透，在本工作中称为掠射碰撞。本文从数值上研究了这种掠过碰撞的影响，其中两个参与者的速度处于相同的数量级，而不是共线。例如，模拟以 2-10 km/s 移动的弹丸和以 10 km/s 横向移动的有限目标板之间的碰撞，两者均由 6061-T6 合金制成，还与实验数据进行了比较。将由此产生的损坏与正常造成的损坏进行比较，包括与现有的实验数据进行比较，以及在目标静止的情况下以相同速度发射弹丸的斜向撞击。考虑了两种类型的射弹：球体和具有半球形头部的短圆柱体。调查表明，与正常碰撞相比，斜视碰撞会导致陨石坑的形状和损坏模式大不相同。陨石坑变得更浅、更细长，并且损坏不是轴对称的。虽然掠射碰撞类似于球形抛射物的斜向碰撞，但对于细长的非球形抛射物则大不相同。包括与现有实验数据的比较，以及目标静止时相同速度的射弹的斜向撞击。考虑了两种类型的射弹：球体和具有半球形头部的短圆柱体。调查表明，与正常碰撞相比，斜视碰撞会导致陨石坑的形状和损坏模式大不相同。陨石坑变得更浅、更细长，并且损坏不是轴对称的。虽然掠射碰撞类似于球形抛射物的斜向碰撞，但对于细长的非球形抛射物则截然不同。包括与现有实验数据的比较，以及目标静止时相同速度的射弹的斜向撞击。考虑了两种类型的射弹：球体和具有半球形头部的短圆柱体。调查表明，与正常碰撞相比，斜视碰撞会导致陨石坑的形状和损坏模式大不相同。陨石坑变得更浅、更细长，并且损坏不是轴对称的。虽然掠射碰撞类似于球形抛射物的斜向碰撞，但对于细长的非球形抛射物则大不相同。调查表明，与正常碰撞相比，斜视碰撞会导致陨石坑的形状和损坏模式大不相同。陨石坑变得更浅、更细长，并且损坏不是轴对称的。虽然掠射碰撞类似于球形抛射物的斜向碰撞，但对于细长的非球形抛射物则大不相同。调查表明，与正常碰撞相比，斜视碰撞会导致陨石坑的形状和损坏模式大不相同。陨石坑变得更浅、更细长，并且损坏不是轴对称的。虽然掠射碰撞类似于球形抛射物的斜向碰撞，但对于细长的非球形抛射物则大不相同。