Background

Marker-assisted selection is well established in animal breeding method of selecting individuals with desirable traits in a breeding scheme based on DNA molecular marker patterns.

Objective

Genetic diversity and C-derived admixture into local purebred gene pool of A. m. mellifera colonies was assessed using polymorphism of nine microsatellite loci in order to provide further marker-assisted selection of desired honey bee colonies.

Methods

The genetic diversity and the level of C-derived introgression into A. m. mellifera colonies in the Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve (Russia) was assessed based on nine microsatellite loci (ap243, 4a110, A24, A8, A43, A113, A88, Ap049, A28), which were analized using the fragment analysis of the PCR products in Applied Biosystems 3130 DNA Analyzer. Phylogenetic relationship of colonies was evaluated using Neighbor-Joining methods with Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards genetic distance using the PHYLIP 3.68. The model-based Bayesian clustering algorithm implemented in STRUCTURE 2.3.3 was employed to infer membership and introgression proportions (Q-value).

Results

In the Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve colonies of A. m. mellifera subdivided into four groups by level of C-derived introgression. Only five colonies of A. m. mellifera had C-derived introgression which varied from 0.5 to 2%. The genetic diversity in colonies of A. m. mellifera varied from 0.12 to 0.40. The Neighbor-Joining tree demonstrates the genetic relationship of A. m. mellifera colonies, which subdivided into three groups with different levels of C-derived introgression. Group 1 combined five honey bee colonies Bort_1, Bort_2, Bort_3, Baisalyan_1, and Kush_7 with a fraction of introgression close to 0.000 and genetic diversity from 0.20 to 0.25.

Conclusion

The results showed the excellence of nine microsatellite loci genotyping in estimation of genetic diversity, distinguishing the two European evolutionary lineages M and C and estimating C-derived introgression. These genetic parameters can be applied further to perform the marker-assisted selection of purebred dark European honey bees.

中文翻译：

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估计C引起的A.m.基因渗入。使用微卫星基因分型在俄罗斯乌拉尔的mellifera殖民地。

背景

在基于DNA分子标记模式的育种方案中选择具有理想性状的个体的动物育种方法中，标记辅助选择已被广泛建立。

目的

遗传多样性和C衍生的混合物进入本地的A. m。纯种。使用九个微卫星基因座的多态性评估了蜜蜂种群，以便进一步提供标记辅助的所需蜜蜂种群选择。

方法

遗传多样性和C衍生到A. m的水平。基于9个微卫星基因座（ap243、4a110，A24，A8，A43，A113，A88，Ap049，A28）评估了Shulgan-Tash自然保护区的mellifera菌落，并使用PCR产物的片段分析对其进行了分析在Applied Biosystems 3130 DNA Analyzer中使用。使用PHYLIP 3.68，使用Cavalli-Sforza和Edwards遗传距离的Neighbor-Joining方法评估菌落的亲缘关系。使用结构2.3.3中实现的基于模型的贝叶斯聚类算法来推断隶属度和渗入比例（Q值）。

结果

在的Shulgan -塔什自然保护区殖民地A.米 mellifera按源自C的基因渗入水平分为四类。只有五个菌落A.米 mellifera的C渗入量从0.5％到2％不等。A. m。菌落的遗传多样性。mellifera从0.12到0.40不等。Neighbor-Joining树证明了A. m。的遗传关系。mellifera菌落，分为三类，具有不同水平的C衍生基因渗入。第一组将五个蜂群Bort_1，Bort_2，Bort_3，Baisalyan_1和Kush_7结合在一起，渗入度接近0.000，遗传多样性从0.20到0.25。

结论

结果表明，九种微卫星基因座基因分型在评估遗传多样性，区分两个欧洲进化谱系M和C以及估计C衍生的基因渗入方面表现出色。这些遗传参数可以进一步应用于执行纯黑欧洲蜜蜂的标记辅助选择。