This study examined the interdependence between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy generation, and value-added service for a panel of 65 countries. An important contribution of this study is to explore the role of service sector development in the mitigation of pollutant emissions, considering renewable energy as a resource of production. The authors used the annual data of studied variables covering the period of 1980 to 2014 and utilized the vector autoregressive (VAR) model, Granger causality, and Toda–Yamamoto tests. The empirics of Granger causality suggest that there are strong bidirectional causalities between CO2 emissions and non-renewable energy, CO2 emissions and value-added service, non-renewable energy and value-added service, and unidirectional causality from CO2 emissions to renewable energy in the short-run. Furthermore, the empirics suggest that bidirectional causalities exist between the service sector toward CO2 emissions and value-added service toward non-renewable energy in the long-run. The findings of this study support the validity of an environmental Kuznets curve for the case of sample countries. The study proposed that increasing renewable energy rates could be good plans to stimulate service activities and decreasing non-renewable energy rates will reduce pollutant emissions.

中文翻译：

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二氧化碳排放、经济增长、可再生和不可再生能源以及服务发展之间的相互依存关系：来自 65 个国家的证据

该研究调查了 65 个国家的小组的二氧化碳排放、经济增长、能源生产和增值服务之间的相互依存关系。本研究的一个重要贡献是探索服务业发展在减缓污染物排放方面的作用，将可再生能源视为一种生产资源。作者使用了涵盖 1980 年至 2014 年期间的研究变量的年度数据，并利用了向量自回归 (VAR) 模型、格兰杰因果关系和户田-山本检验。格兰杰因果关系的经验表明，二氧化碳排放与不可再生能源、二氧化碳排放与增值服务、不可再生能源与增值服务之间存在很强的双向因果关系，以及二氧化碳排放与可再生能源之间的单向因果关系。短期。此外，实证表明，从长远来看，服务业对二氧化碳排放的影响与增值服务对不可再生能源的影响存在双向因果关系。本研究的结果支持环境库兹涅茨曲线对样本国家案例的有效性。该研究提出，提高可再生能源费率可能是刺激服务活动的好计划，降低不可再生能源费率将减少污染物排放。