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Thermal Liability of Hyaloclastite in the Krafla Geothermal Reservoir, Iceland: The Impact of Phyllosilicates on Permeability and Rock Strength
Geofluids ( IF 1.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-14 , DOI: 10.1155/2020/9057193
Josh Weaver 1 , Guðjón H. Eggertsson 1 , James E. P. Utley 1 , Paul A. Wallace 1 , Anthony Lamur 1 , Jackie E. Kendrick 1 , Hugh Tuffen 2 , Sigurður H. Markússon 3 , Yan Lavallée 1
Affiliation  

Geothermal fields are prone to temperature fluctuations from natural hydrothermal activity, anthropogenic drilling practices, and magmatic intrusions. These fluctuations may elicit a response from the rocks in terms of their mineralogical, physical (i.e., porosity and permeability), and mechanical properties. Hyaloclastites are a highly variable volcaniclastic rock predominantly formed of glass clasts that are produced during nonexplosive quench-induced fragmentation, in both subaqueous and subglacial eruptive environments. They are common in high-latitude geothermal fields as both weak, highly permeable reservoir rocks and compacted impermeable cap rocks. Basaltic glass is altered through interactions with external water into a clay-dominated matrix, termed palagonite, which acts to cement the bulk rock. The abundant, hydrous phyllosilicate minerals within the palagonite can dehydrate at elevated temperatures, potentially resulting in thermal liability of the bulk rock. Using surficial samples collected from Krafla, northeast Iceland, and a range of petrographic, mineralogical, and mechanical analyses, we find that smectite dehydration occurs at temperatures commonly experienced within geothermal fields. Dehydration events at 130, 185, and 600°C result in progressive mass loss and contraction. This evolution results in a positive correlation between treatment temperature, porosity gain, and permeability increase. Gas permeability measured at 1 MPa confining pressure shows a 3-fold increase following thermal treatment at 600°C. Furthermore, strength measurements show that brittle failure is dependent on porosity and therefore the degree of thermal treatment. Following thermal treatment at 600°C, the indirect tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength, and triaxial compressive strength (at 5 MPa confining pressure) decrease by up to 68% (1.1 MPa), 63% (7.3 MPa), and 25% (7.9 MPa), respectively. These results are compared with hyaloclastite taken from several depths within the Krafla reservoir, through which the palagonite transitions from smectite-to chlorite-dominated. We discuss how temperature-induced changes to the geomechanical properties of hyaloclastite may impact fluid flow in hydrothermal reservoirs and consider the potential implications for hyaloclastite-hosted intrusions. Ultimately, we show that phyllosilicate-bearing rocks are susceptible to temperature fluctuations in geothermal fields. © 2020 Josh Weaver et al.

中文翻译:

冰岛克拉夫拉地热储层透明碎屑岩的热责任:页硅酸盐对渗透率和岩石强度的影响

地热田容易受到自然热液活动、人为钻探和岩浆侵入造成的温度波动的影响。这些波动可能会引起岩石在矿物学、物理(即孔隙度和渗透率)和机械特性方面的响应。玻璃碎屑岩是一种高度可变的火山碎屑岩,主要由玻璃碎屑形成,玻璃碎屑是在非爆炸性骤冷引起的碎裂过程中产生的,在水下和冰下喷发环境中。它们在高纬度地热田中很常见,既是弱的、高渗透性的储层岩石,又是压实的不渗透盖层。玄武岩玻璃通过与外部水的相互作用变成以粘土为主的基质,称为 palagonite,其作用是胶结大块岩石。丰富的,palagonite 中的含水层状硅酸盐矿物会在升高的温度下脱水,从而可能导致大块岩石的热变形。使用从冰岛东北部克拉夫拉收集的地表样品,以及一系列岩相学、矿物学和力学分析,我们发现蒙脱石脱水发生在地热田中常见的温度下。130、185 和 600°C 下的脱水事件会导致质量逐渐减少和收缩。这种演变导致处理温度、孔隙率增加和渗透率增加之间呈正相关。在 1 MPa 围压下测量的气体渗透率显示在 600°C 热处理后增加了 3 倍。此外,强度测量表明脆性破坏取决于孔隙率,因此取决于热处理的程度。600℃热处理后,间接抗拉强度、单轴抗压强度和三轴抗压强度(5 MPa围压)分别下降68%(1.1 MPa)、63%(7.3 MPa)和25%( 7.9 兆帕),分别。将这些结果与从 Krafla 储层内几个深度采集的透明碎屑石进行比较,通过这些深度,绿泥石从蒙脱石转变为绿泥石占主导地位。我们讨论了温度引起的透明碎屑岩地质力学特性的变化如何影响热液储层中的流体流动,并考虑了对透明碎屑岩侵入体的潜在影响。最终,我们表明含页硅酸盐的岩石容易受到地热场温度波动的影响。© 2020 乔什韦弗等。单轴抗压强度和三轴抗压强度(在 5 MPa 围压下)分别下降 68% (1.1 MPa)、63% (7.3 MPa) 和 25% (7.9 MPa)。将这些结果与从 Krafla 储层内几个深度采集的透明碎屑岩进行比较,通过这些深度,palagonite 从蒙脱石转变为以绿泥石为主。我们讨论了温度引起的透明碎屑岩地质力学特性的变化如何影响热液储层中的流体流动,并考虑了对透明碎屑岩侵入体的潜在影响。最终,我们表明含页硅酸盐的岩石容易受到地热场温度波动的影响。© 2020 乔什韦弗等。单轴抗压强度和三轴抗压强度(在 5 MPa 围压下)分别下降 68% (1.1 MPa)、63% (7.3 MPa) 和 25% (7.9 MPa)。将这些结果与从 Krafla 储层内几个深度采集的透明碎屑岩进行比较,通过这些深度,palagonite 从蒙脱石转变为以绿泥石为主。我们讨论了温度引起的透明碎屑岩地质力学特性的变化如何影响热液储层中的流体流动,并考虑了对透明碎屑岩侵入体的潜在影响。最终,我们表明含页硅酸盐的岩石容易受到地热场温度波动的影响。© 2020 乔什韦弗等。和 25% (7.9 MPa),分别。将这些结果与从 Krafla 储层内几个深度采集的透明碎屑岩进行比较,通过这些深度,palagonite 从蒙脱石转变为以绿泥石为主。我们讨论了温度引起的透明碎屑岩地质力学特性的变化如何影响热液储层中的流体流动,并考虑了对透明碎屑岩侵入体的潜在影响。最终,我们表明含页硅酸盐的岩石容易受到地热场温度波动的影响。© 2020 乔什韦弗等。和 25% (7.9 MPa),分别。将这些结果与从 Krafla 储层内几个深度采集的透明碎屑岩进行比较,通过这些深度,palagonite 从蒙脱石转变为以绿泥石为主。我们讨论了温度引起的透明碎屑岩地质力学特性的变化如何影响热液储层中的流体流动,并考虑了对透明碎屑岩侵入体的潜在影响。最终,我们表明含页硅酸盐的岩石容易受到地热场温度波动的影响。© 2020 乔什韦弗等。我们讨论了温度引起的透明碎屑岩地质力学特性的变化如何影响热液储层中的流体流动,并考虑对透明碎屑岩侵入体的潜在影响。最终,我们表明含页硅酸盐的岩石容易受到地热场温度波动的影响。© 2020 乔什韦弗等。我们讨论了温度引起的透明碎屑岩地质力学特性的变化如何影响热液储层中的流体流动,并考虑了对透明碎屑岩侵入体的潜在影响。最终,我们表明含页硅酸盐的岩石容易受到地热场温度波动的影响。© 2020 乔什韦弗等。
更新日期:2020-07-14
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