Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a main cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. They are frequently involved in foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Environmental transmission of the virus depends on two main factors: the ability of viral particles to remain infectious and their adhesion capacity onto different surfaces. Until recently, adhesion of viral particles to food matrices was mainly investigated by considering non-specific interactions (e.g. electrostatic, hydrophobic) and there was only limited information about infectious HuNoVs because of the absence of a reliable in vitro HuNoV cultivation system. Many HuNoV strains have now been described as having specific binding interactions with human Histo-Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs) and non-HBGA ligands found in food and the environment. Relevant approaches to the in vitro replication of HuNoVs were also proposed recently. On the basis of the available literature data, this review discusses the opportunities to use this new knowledge to obtain a better understanding of HuNoV transmission to human populations and better evaluate the hazard posed by HuNoVs in foodstuffs and the environment.

人类诺如病毒（HuNoVs）是全世界急性胃肠炎的主要原因。他们经常卷入食源性和水源性暴发。病毒的环境传播取决于两个主要因素：病毒颗粒保持感染力的能力以及它们在不同表面上的粘附能力。直到最近，主要通过考虑非特异性相互作用（例如静电，疏水性）来研究病毒颗粒与食物基质的粘附性，由于缺乏可靠的体外方法，关于感染性HuNoV的信息很少HuNoV栽培系统。现在已经描述了许多HuNoV菌株与食物和环境中发现的人类组织血族抗原（HBGA）和非HBGA配体具有特异性结合相互作用。最近还提出了有关HuNoV的体外复制的相关方法。在可获得的文献数据的基础上，本综述讨论了利用这一新知识来更好地了解HuNoV向人类传播的机会，并更好地评估了HuNoV在食品和环境中造成的危害。