Abstract Ice nucleating particles (INPs) might influence precipitation and are related to the hydrologic cycle by initiating ice formation. The contribution of efficient INPs (and almost all biological particles) is significant in catalyzing the freezing of ice at relatively warm temperatures (> −10 °C). However, to what extent biological matter functions as INPs in clouds is poorly understood and the large gap in investigating the properties of ice nucleating ability in rainwater and variation in INPs during a single precipitation event needs to be addressed. In this study, we tested the ice nucleating activity in rainwater and soil to probe the characteristics and distribution of INPs and tried to trace the possible sources of INPs. We suggested that the biological INPs dubbed efficient INPs are commonly present in rainwater and soil at > −10 °C, and it is surprising that unknown efficient INPs, probably derived from microbes, were shown to dominate at warmer temperatures by detection of the potential known ice nucleating active genera through high-throughput sequencing analysis. Furthermore, certain heat-resistant efficient INPs were found in rainwater and a few nanoscale efficient biological INPs were retained partially in soil. Moreover, we also found that nonlocally sourced inefficient INPs dominated in precipitation induction and efficient INPs became gradually more involved as precipitation proceeded by comparing the diverse periods of one entire heavy rainfall event.

中文翻译：

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雨水和土壤中高效冰核粒子的特征及分布

摘要 冰核粒子 (INPs) 可能会影响降水，并通过引发冰形成与水文循环有关。高效 INP（以及几乎所有生物颗粒）的贡献对于在相对温暖的温度（> -10 °C）下催化冰的冻结具有重要意义。然而，生物物质在云中在多大程度上起到 INP 的作用尚不清楚，需要解决在调查雨水中冰成核能力的特性和单次降水事件期间 INP 变化的巨大差距。在这项研究中，我们测试了雨水和土壤中的冰成核活性，以探讨 INP 的特征和分布，并试图追踪 INP 的可能来源。我们建议被称为高效 INP 的生物 INP 通常存在于 > -10°C，令人惊讶的是，通过高通量测序分析检测潜在的已知冰成核活性属，可能来自微生物的未知有效 INP 显示在较高温度下占主导地位。此外，在雨水中发现了某些耐热高效 INPs，一些纳米级高效生物 INPs 部分保留在土壤中。此外，我们还发现非本地来源的低效 INP 在降水诱导中占主导地位，并且通过比较整个强降雨事件的不同时期，随着降水的进行，高效 INP 逐渐参与更多。通过高通量测序分析检测潜在的已知冰成核活性属，显示在较高温度下占主导地位。此外，在雨水中发现了某些耐热高效 INPs，一些纳米级高效生物 INPs 部分保留在土壤中。此外，我们还发现非本地来源的低效 INP 在降水诱导中占主导地位，并且通过比较整个强降雨事件的不同时期，随着降水的进行，高效 INP 逐渐参与更多。通过高通量测序分析检测潜在的已知冰成核活性属，显示在较高温度下占主导地位。此外，在雨水中发现了某些耐热高效 INPs，一些纳米级高效生物 INPs 部分保留在土壤中。此外，我们还发现非本地来源的低效 INP 在降水诱导中占主导地位，并且通过比较整个强降雨事件的不同时期，随着降水的进行，高效 INP 逐渐参与更多。