Human and animal feces are important sources of various types of microbial contamination in water. Especially, enteric viruses, the major agents of waterborne infection, can attain long-term survival in water environments due to their strong resistance to various environmental factors including pH, salinity, and temperature. Coliphages are promising viral indicators for fecal contamination in water environments. Here, we investigated the seasonal and spatial distribution of male-specific and somatic coliphages in surface water and seawater at three major aquaculture areas, including Goseong Bay, Aphae Island, and Gomso Bay, in Republic of Korea over a period of 1 year. We selected 6 surface water and 14 seawater sampling sites for each study area and collected a total of 480 water samples from March 2014 to February 2015. Overall, surface water samples contained higher occurrences of coliphages than seawater samples. The high coliphage concentrations were detected in spring (March to May 2014). The differences in geographical features and patterns in land usage of the three aquaculture areas may have affected the coliphage concentration and occurrence. Moreover, environmental factors such as cumulative precipitation were strongly correlated with coliphage concentrations. Therefore, we suggest that further longitudinal studies on coliphage concentrations and distributions should be performed to support the application of coliphages in tracking fecal contamination in water.

中文翻译：

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大韩民国主要水产养殖区的按男性划分的体躯体残骸概况。

人和动物的粪便是水中各种微生物污染的重要来源。尤其是，肠道病毒是水传播感染的主要媒介，由于它们对各种环境因素（包括pH值，盐度和温度）具有较强的抵抗力，因此可以在水环境中长期生存。鹅肝是有希望的水环境中粪便污染的病毒指标。在这里，我们调查了大韩民国高城湾，阿菲岛和Gomso湾这三个主要水产养殖地区在1年中地表水和海水中男性特异性和体细胞噬菌体的季节性和空间分布。从2014年3月到2015年2月，我们为每个研究区域选择了6个地表水和14个海水采样点，并收集了480个水样。地表水样本中的噬菌体发生率高于海水样本。在春季（2014年3月至2014年5月）检测到高浓度的噬菌体。三个水产养殖区的土地使用的地理特征和模式的差异可能影响了大肠杆菌的浓度和发生。此外，诸如累积降水等环境因素与大肠杆菌噬菌体浓度密切相关。因此，我们建议应该对大肠杆菌的浓度和分布进行进一步的纵向研究，以支持大肠杆菌在跟踪粪便中水污染中的应用。三个水产养殖区的土地使用的地理特征和模式的差异可能影响了大肠杆菌的浓度和发生。此外，诸如累积降水等环境因素与大肠杆菌噬菌体浓度密切相关。因此，我们建议应该对大肠杆菌的浓度和分布进行进一步的纵向研究，以支持大肠杆菌在跟踪粪便中水污染中的应用。三个水产养殖区的土地使用的地理特征和模式的差异可能影响了大肠杆菌的浓度和发生。此外，诸如累积降水等环境因素与大肠杆菌噬菌体浓度密切相关。因此，我们建议应该对大肠杆菌的浓度和分布进行进一步的纵向研究，以支持大肠杆菌在跟踪粪便中水污染中的应用。