A liquid precipitation method was used to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles in three diverse media: water, methanol, and ethylene glycol. The studied materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a hexagonal Wurtzite structure of zinc oxide with a nanocrystalline size. Acquired powders showed different morphologies (rod, star, and spherical structures), which were affected by the nature of the solvent in the reaction. The different zinc oxide powders have varied optical band gaps. Scanning electron microscopy examinations confirmed the arrangement of nano-zinc oxide on the surfaces of the materials. The zinc oxide-covering procedure was carried out on cotton, polyester, and 50/50 wt% polyester/cotton blended fabrics using a simple dip and curing system. The cotton fabric treated with nanorod zinc oxide exhibited the highest ultraviolet protection factor with a value of 247.2. The antimicrobial properties of untreated and treated fabrics with nano-zinc oxide were measured against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and diploid fungus (Candida albicans). The results showed the antimicrobial action relies on the morphological structure and the particle size of zinc oxide and that it increases with a reduced particle size. The cotton fabric treated with 26 nm nonspherical zinc oxide particles showed the highest antimicrobial efficiency with values of 91.4%, 86.8%, and 84.7% for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, respectively. The mechanical properties of treated fabrics were studied. The results confirm that nano-zinc oxide is highly useful for improving the performance of defense textile products because of its biocompatibility, environmental friendliness, and nontoxicity.

中文翻译：

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不同形貌纳米氧化锌的合成及其在防紫外线防微生物防护服面料中的应用

使用液体沉淀法在三种不同的介质中制备氧化锌纳米颗粒：水、甲醇和乙二醇。通过扫描电子显微镜、X 射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和紫外-可见光谱对研究的材料进行了检查。X 射线衍射图显示具有纳米晶尺寸的氧化锌的六方纤锌矿结构。获得的粉末表现出不同的形态（棒状、星状和球状结构），这受反应中溶剂性质的影响。不同的氧化锌粉末具有不同的光学带隙。扫描电子显微镜检查证实了纳米氧化锌在材料表面的排列。氧化锌覆盖程序在棉、聚酯、和 50/50 wt% 的聚酯/棉混纺织物，使用简单的浸渍和固化系统。经纳米棒氧化锌处理的棉织物表现出最高的紫外线防护系数，值为247.2。测量了未经处理和经纳米氧化锌处理的织物对革兰氏阴性菌（大肠杆菌）、革兰氏阳性菌（金黄色葡萄球菌）和二倍体真菌（白色念珠菌）的抗菌性能。结果表明，抗菌作用取决于氧化锌的形态结构和粒径，并且随着粒径的减小而增加。用 26 nm 非球形氧化锌颗粒处理的棉织物显示出最高的抗菌效率，对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌的抗菌效率分别为 91.4%、86.8% 和 84.7%。研究了处理过的织物的机械性能。结果证实，纳米氧化锌由于其生物相容性、环境友好性和无毒，对于提高国防纺织品的性能非常有用。