Hybrids originate from the mating of two diverged organisms, resulting in novel lineages that have chimeric genomes. Hybrids may exhibit unique phenotypic traits that are not necessarily intermediate between those present in the progenitors. These unique traits may enable them to thrive in new environments. Many hybrid lineages have been discovered among yeasts in the Saccharomycotina, of which many have industrial or clinical relevance, but this might reflect a bias toward investigating species with relevance to humans. Hybridization has also been proposed to be at the root of the whole-genome duplication in the lineage leading to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thus, hybridization seems to have played a prominent role in the evolution of Saccharomycotina yeasts, although it is still unclear how common this evolutionary process has been during the evolution of this and other fungal clades. Similarly, the evolutionary aftermath of hybridization, including implications at the genomic, transcriptional, physiological or ecological levels, remains poorly understood. In this review, I survey recent findings from genomic analysis of yeast hybrids of industrial or clinical relevance, and discuss the evolutionary implications of genomic hybridization for the origin of new lineages, including when such hybridization results in a whole-genome duplication.

中文翻译：

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杂交和新酵母谱系的起源。

杂种起源于两种不同生物的交配，产生具有嵌合基因组的新谱系。杂种可能表现出独特的表型性状，这些性状不一定介于祖先中存在的表型性状之间。这些独特的特征可能使它们能够在新环境中茁壮成长。在 Saccharomycotina 的酵母中发现了许多杂交谱系，其中许多与工业或临床相关，但这可能反映了对研究与人类相关的物种的偏见。杂交也被认为是导致酿酒酵母的谱系中全基因组复制的根源. 因此，杂交似乎在 Saccharomycotina 酵母的进化中发挥了重要作用，尽管目前尚不清楚这种进化过程在该真菌进化枝和其他真菌进化枝的进化过程中有多普遍。同样，杂交的进化后果，包括对基因组、转录、生理或生态水平的影响，仍然知之甚少。在这篇综述中，我调查了工业或临床相关酵母杂交的基因组分析的最新发现，并讨论了基因组杂交对新谱系起源的进化意义，包括这种杂交何时导致全基因组重复。